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Fourier Transform

1
2
Fourier Transform
To study aperiodic function , fourier theorm extended
to another technique called Fourier transform.
Period of given pulse is increased that fundamental
frequency become zero.
Spacing b/w the harmonics also becomes zero and the
frequency distribution does not becomes zero. Fourier
transform becomes Fourier transform.
The frequency distribution of harmonics in the case of
Fourier series is discrete and continuous in the case of
Fourier transforms.
To study the behavior of linear circuits there is another
method known as Fourier transform.
It is an operation that converts a function of time from
time domain to frequency domain.



Difference b/w Fourier series and
Fourier transform
Fourier series requires time periodicity of signal but to
apply fourier transform we dont need signal to be periodic
Fourier series representation is used for only periodic
signals but fourier transform can be applied to both
periodic as well as aperiodic signals.
Inverse fourier series doesnt exist because we dont have
knowledge of time period in freguency domain.
Fourier series involves integral over one time period but
fourier transform works for interval from ve infinity to
+ve infinity

Fourier Transform Importance
and Factors
Fourier transform has an important role in engineering
problems including linear circuits.
It is an integral transform.
It is known that the line or discrete spectrum will be a
continuous spectrum if T tends to infinity or tends to
zero resulting in a single or non-recurring pulse.
If the function will be aperiodic it can not be analyzed by
Fourier series. By utilizing Fourier transform, it is possible
to analyze such kind of functions if the following condition
is obeyed by the function.

T / 1 = e
}


< dt t f ) (
Cont:
If the time period (T) of a periodic signal f(t) becomes larger, the
following effects in the discrete spectrum will be obtained.
The fundamental frequency (w) will be smaller.
The spectrum will be denser.
The individual frequency components will have smaller amplitude.
The shape of frequency spectrum will remain unchanged.
The discrete frequency spectrum will tend to continuous frequency
spectrum.
Therefore Fourier series (exponential) will tend to Fourier transfrom under
the above said circumstances.



}


< dt t f ) (
Previous statements can be written
as mathematically as follows

n (v)
/2 d /2 1/T (iv)
in change small very a d (iii)
small very is (ii)
(i)T


e
Fourier Transform
Let us begin with exponential Fourier
series.
...(4) .......... .......... .......... dt........ f(t)e /2 d F
/2 d T as written be can (3) Eq. from
n for n where
(3) .......... .......... .......... .......... dt........ e f(t) TF
as written be can Eq.(2) T putting
frequency l fundamenta /T 2 where
.......(2) dt........ f(t)e 1/T dt f(t)e 1/T F
.(1) .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... e F f(t)
-
j wt
n
-
j nwt
n
T/2
T/2
j nwt
T
0
j nwt
n
j nwt
n
}
}
} }


H =
H =

=

H =
= =
=
e
e
e e
Cont:
Using Eq.(1) and (2)
j wt
n
j wt
e dt f(t)e /2 d f(t)

}

= e
d
jwt
e
n
dt
jwt
f(t)e 1/2 f(t)

=
(
(



=
d
jwt
e dt
jwt
f(t)e 1/2 f(t)
}


(
(



=
e
e
e d
t j
e
-
) F( 1/2 f(t)
}

=
dt
t j -
e f(t) ) F(
e
e
}


=
where
Fourier Transform of some
Functions
Fourier Transform of Gate Function
f(t)
1
-T/2 T/2
Gate Function
T/2 t for 0
T/2 t T/2 - 1 f(t)
-T/2 t for 0
>
s s =
<
Cont:
dt
t j -
e
2 /
f(t) dt
t j -
e
2 /
2 /
f(t) dt
t j -
e
2 /
f(t) dt
t j -
e f(t) ) F(
e e e e
e
}

+
}

+
}

=
}


=
T
T
T
T
2 /
2 /
/ dt
t j -
e
2 /
2 /
f(t)
T
T
j
t j
e
T
T

(

=
}

= e
e e
) 2 / sin( / 2 ) 2 / sin( 2 / ) (
2 / 2 /
T T j j e e
T j T j
e e e e
e e
= = =

T/2 t for 0
T/2 t T/2 - 1 f(t)
-T/2 t for 0
>
s s =
<
f(t)
-T/2 T/2
Gate
Function
function sampling called are ,
x
sinx
Sa(x) and
2
T
x where
Sa(x) T
x
sinx
T
)
2
T
(
)
2
T
sin(
T ) F(
= =
= = = e
1
Cont:

x vs Sa(x) of plot the shows Fig.
integer an is m where m when x 0 Sa(x) and
1 Sa(x) 0, x where
= =

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