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Chapter 20
Lecture
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Chapter 20: Electromagnetic
Induction
Motional EMF
Electric Generators
Faradays Law
Lenzs Law
Transformers
Eddy Currents
Induced Electric Fields
Mutual- and Self-Inductance
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20.1 Motional EMF
Consider a conductor in a B-field moving to the right.










V
4
An electron in the conductor
experiences a force downward.
V
e
-

F
The electrons in the
bar will move toward
the bottom of the bar.
This creates an electric field in the bar and results in a
potential difference between the top and bottom of the bar.
( ) B v F = q
B
5
What if the bar were placed across conducting rails (in red)
so that there is a closed loop for the electrons to follow?
In this circuit, the electrons flow clockwise;
the current is counterclockwise.










V
L
6
The motional EMF is vBL = c
where L is the separation
between the rails.
The current in the rod is
R
vBL
R R
V
I = =
A
=
c
where R is the resistance
in the wires.
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The magnitude of the magnetic force on the rod is:
R
L vB
LB
R
vBL
ILB ILB F
2 2
90 sin = = = =
The rod has a current through it. What is the direction of
the magnetic force on the rod due to the external magnetic
field?
( ) B L F = I
Using the right hand rule, the force on the bar is directed
to the left.
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To maintain a constant EMF, the rod must be towed to the
right with constant speed. An external agent must do work
on the bar. (Energy conservation)
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20.2 Electric Generators
A coil of wire is spun in a magnetic field. This produces
an EMF and also a current; both vary with time. (AC-
alternating current)
An energy source is needed to turn the wire coil. Examples
include burning coal or natural gas to produce steam; falling
water.
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The EMF produced by an AC generator is:
( ) t t e c c sin
0
=
In the United States and Canada c
0
= 170 volts and f =
e/2t = 60 Hz.
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20.3 Faradays Law
Moving a conductor through a B-field will generate an EMF.
Another way to generate an EMF is to place a stationary
conductor in a B-field that varies with time.
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The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of B-field
lines that cross a given area.
Loop of wire
with area A
u cos BA
B
= u
The unit of magnetic flux is
the weber: 1 Wb = 1 Tm
2

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Faradays Law:
t
N
B
A
Au
= c
An induced EMF in a coil of N loops is due to a changing
magnetic flux.
Ways to induce an EMF:
1. Vary the magnetic field.
2. Vary the area of the coil.
3. Change the angle between B and A.
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20.4 Lenzs Law
The direction of induced EMFs and currents always oppose
the change in flux that produced them.
That is, the induced I (and thus induced B) tries
to keep the total flux through the loop constant.
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Example: Towing the bar to the right produced an induced
current that was CCW. What is the direction of the induced
magnetic field?
The induced B is out of the page to maintain the flux
originally through the loop before the bar started to move
to the right (the area of the loop is increasing).










V
L
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20.6 Transformers
t
N
B
A
Au
=
1 1
c
Wrap an iron
core with wire.
Primary
coil
Secondary
coil
Apply a varying voltage to the primary coil. This causes a
changing magnetic flux in the secondary coil.
t
N
B
A
Au
=
2 2
c
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Since the flux through the coils is the same
2
1
2
1
N
N
=
c
c
The turns ratio gives
the ratio of the EMFs.
Depending on the turns ratio, a transformer can be used to
step-up or step-down a voltage.
2
1
1
2
2
1
N
N
I
I
= =
c
c
The rate that power is supplied to both coils is the same
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Example (text problem 20.32): A step-down transformer has a
turns ratio of 1/100. An AC voltage of amplitude 170 V is
applied to the primary. If the primary current is 1.0 mA, what
is the secondary current?
A 1 . 0 mA 0 . 1
1
100
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
I
N
N
I
N
N
I
I
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Example (text problem 20.34): The primary coil of a
transformer has 250 turns and the secondary coil has 1000
turns. An AC voltage is sent through the primary. The EMF
of the primary is 16.0 V. What is the EMF in the secondary?
V 64.0 V 0 . 16
250
1000
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
c c
c
c
N
N
N
N
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20.8 Induced Electric Fields
When a stationary conductor sits in a changing magnetic
field it is an induced electric field that causes the charges
in the conductor to move.
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20.9 Mutual- and Self-Inductance
Coil 1
Coil 2
A variable current
I
1
flows in coil 1.
I
1
then induces a
current in coil 2.
.
1 21 2
I N u
The flux (u
21
) through coil 2 due to coil 1 is
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Writing this as an equality,
1 21 2
MI N = u
Where M is the mutual inductance. It depends only on
constants and geometrical factors. The unit of inductance is
the Henry (1H = 1Vs/A).
The induced EMF in the coils will be:
t
I
M
t
N
t
I
M
t
N
A
A
=
A
Au
=
A
A
=
A
Au
=
2 12
1 1
1 21
2 2
c
c
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Self-inductance occurs when a current carrying coil induces
an EMF in itself.
. LI N = u
The definition of self-inductance (L) is
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An inductor stores energy in its magnetic field according to:
2
2
1
LI U =
The energy density in a magnetic field is:
2
0
2
1
B u
B

=
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Summary
Motional EMF
Faradays Law
Lenzs Law
Transformers