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PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Student - BS Grewal Guide - Prof PN Rao

PHASES
Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV Phase V Introduction Brief discussion Structure under consideration Analysis of structure Conclusion

PHASE I INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Steel structures have peculiar behaviour compared to concrete structures in the sense that on the steel structures if the load is increased, some of the sections in the structure develop yield stress. Any further increase in the stress causes the structure to undergo elasto plastic deformations and some of the sections may develop a fully plastic condition at which a sufficient number of plastic hinges are formed, transforming the structure into a mechanism. This mechanism collapses without noticeable additional loading. A study of the mechanism of failure and knowledge of the load causing the mechanism is necessary to determine the load factor. A structure is designed so that its collapse load is equal to or higher than the working load multiplied by the load factor specified.

PHASE II BRIEF DISCUSSION

ASSUMPTIONS IN PLASTIC BENDING


The material is homogeneous and isotropic. Member cross-section is symmetrical about the axis at right angles to the axis of bending. Cross-section which were plane before bending remain plane after bending. The value of modulus of Elasticity of the material remains the same in tension as well as in compression. Effects of temperature, fatigue, shear and axial force are neglected. Idealized bi-linear stress-strain curve applies.

PLASTIC DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS


Results in a consistent margin of safety for all structures, independent of the degrees of static indeterminacy. Results in a considerable cost savings for bending type indeterminate structures. Determinate beams yields the same design as by structural design. Tension and compression members yields same design. Is not suitable for situations where fatigue stresses are a problem. Must have a ductile material to employ plastic design. Plastic hinge is assumed to be confined at a point along the beam length.

ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS


Relatively simpler procedures are involved.

Ultimate loads for structures and their components may be determined.


Sequence and final mode of failure may be known and the capacity at relevant stages may be determined.

CONDITIONS FOR PLASTIC ANALYSIS


Mechanism condition: The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a mechanism is formed. The number of plastic hinges developed should be just sufficient to form a mechanism. Equilibrium condition : Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Mxy = 0 Plastic moment condition: The bending moment at any section of the structure should not be more than the fully plastic moment of the section.

STRESS STRAIN CURVE

B D Actual curve E C Idealised curve AB - Elastic range BC Yield points CD Stain hardening DE - Failure

y Yield stress y Yield strain

MOMENT CURVATURE RELATIONSHIP


M
1.5M P

Max attainable moment Bilinear idealisation

MP MY

Idealised inelastic behaviour


0.4M P

BC Yield points

Inelastic Elastic Perfectly plastic Strain hardened

M Moment Curvature

STRESS DISTRIBUTION

Beam Section

Stress under M

Stress under My

Stress under My<M<Mp

Stress under Mp

M Moment corresponding to working load My Moment at which section develops yield stress M Moment at which entire section is under yield stress

PLASTIC HINGE
In structural engineering beam theory the term, plastic hinge, is used to describe the deformation of a section of a beam where plastic bending occurs. It is that cross-section of a member where bending stresses are equal to yield stresses.

Number of Plastic Hinges


The number of Plastic Hinges required to convert a structure or a member into a mechanism is one more than the degree of indeterminacy in terms of redundant moments usually. Thus a determinate structure requires only one more plastic hinge to become a mechanism, a stage where it deflects and rotates continuously at constant load and acquires final collapse. Therefore N = n+ 1 N = Total number of plastic hinges required to convert a structure into a mechanism. n = degree of indeterminacy

LOAD FACTOR
The ratio of the load causing collapse to the working load is called load factor. The load factor is dependent upon the shape of the section as the working load is dependent on I and Z values and the collapse load is dependent upon the shape of the section. Load factor = Mp / M

FACTOR OF SAFETY
This is defined as : Factor of Safety = First yield load/ Working Load

The FoS is an elastic analysis measure of the safety of a design.

TYPES OF PLASTIC COLLAPSE


Complete Collapse In the cases considered so far, collapse occurred when a hinge occurred for each of the number of redundants, r, (making it a determinate structure) with an extra hinge for collapse. Thus the number of hinges formed, h =r + 1 (the degree of indeterminacy plus one).

TYPES OF PLASTIC COLLAPSE


Partial Collapse This occurs when h < r+1 , but a collapse mechanism, of a localised section of the structure can form. A common example is a single span of a continuous beam.

TYPES OF PLASTIC COLLAPSE


Over-Complete Collapse For some frames, two (or more) possible collapse mechanisms are found (h = r+1 ) with the actual collapse load factor. Therefore they can be combined to form another collapse mechanism with the same collapse load factor, but with an increased number of hinges, h > r+1 .

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
When a system of loads is applied to an elastic body, it will deform and will show a resistance against deformation. Such a body is known as a structure. On the other hand if no resistance is set up against deformation in the body, then it is known as a mechanism. Various types of independent mechanisms are identified to enable prediction of possible failure modes of a structure.

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism Real hinge PC = 4 MP /L

PC Real hinge

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with UDL
W/m

Collapse Mechanism Real hinge PC = 8 MP /L


PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
Plastic hinge

W/m

Real hinge

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism PC = 8 MP /L

PC Plastic hinge

Plastic hinge

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with UDL
W/m

Collapse Mechanism PC = 16 MP /L2

Plastic hinge

W/m

Plastic hinge

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism
Plastic hinge

PC Real hinge

PC = 6 MP /L
Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Cantilever with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism
PC

PC = MP /L

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE


Methods used to perform plastic analysis for a given structure.
Statical method of analysis. Mechanism method of analysis.

STATICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS


This method is based on the lower bound theorem. According to the theorem, a load computed on the basis of the assumed equilibrium moment diagram in which the moments are not greater than Mp is less than or equal to the true ultimate load. The objective of this method as to find an equilibrium moment diagram in which IMI < Mp and a failure mechanism is formed.

STATICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS


This is called the unsafe theorem because for an arbitrarily assumed mechanism the load factor is either exactly right (when the yield criterion is met) or is wrong and is too large, leading a designer to think that the frame can carry more load than is actually possible.

STATICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS


The following procedure is adopted in this method: Release redundants which can be either moments or forces and make the structure a determinate one. Obtain moment diagram for the determinate structure. Draw the moment diagram for the structure due to redundant moments or forces. Sketch the combined moment diagram so that a mechanism is formed.

STATICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS


Sketch the combined moment diagram so that a mechanism is formed. Compute the magnitude of redundants by solving equilibrium equations. Check whether sufficient number of hinges are formed for the mechanism of failure.

MECHANISM METHOD OF ANALYSIS


This method is based on the upper bound theorem. The theorem states that a load computed on the basis of an assumed mechanism will always be greater than or equal to the true failure load. The correct mechanism is the one which results in the lowest possible load for which the moment IMI does not exceed the plastic moment Mp at any section.

MECHANISM METHOD OF ANALYSIS


This is a safe theorem because the load factor will be less than (or at best equal to) the collapse load factor once equilibrium and yield criteria are met leading the designer to think that the structure can carry less than or equal to its actual capacity.

MECHANISM METHOD OF ANALYSIS


The objective is to find a mechanism in which the plastic moment condition is not violated. This method is adopted for a structure with large number of redundants. The possible number of failure mechanisms increase and construction of correct equilibrium moment diagrams becomes difficult.

MECHANISM METHOD OF ANALYSIS


The following procedure is adopted in this method: Determine the required number of plastic hinges necessary for the mechanism. The number of hinges is n+1 where n is the degree of indeterminacy. Select possible mechanisms : elementary or independent mechanisms and combinations thereof. For each possible mechanism calculate the collapse load. Lowest collapse load is the correct ultimate load. Check to see that nowhere IMI > Mp.

PLASTIC ANALYSIS FOR MULTIPLE LOADING


When more than one condition of loading can be applied to a beam or structure, it may not always be obvious which is critical. It is necessary then to perform separate calculations, one for each loading condition, the section being determined by the solution requiring the largest plastic moment. Unlike the elastic method of design in which moments produced by different loading systems can be added together, plastic moments obtained by different loading systems cannot be combined, i.e. the plastic moment calculated for a given set of loads is only valid for that loading condition. This is because the 'Principle of Superposition' becomes invalid when parts of the structure have yielded.

PHASE III STRUCTUREs UNDER CONSIDERATION

STRUCTURE UNDER CONSIDERATION


3P P B 2Mp C

Mp

Mp

STRUCTURE UNDER CONSIDERATION


4P 3P B 2Mp C 3Mp 5P D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

Two bay portal frame.

PHASE IV ANALYSIS

METHOD
Draw the structure and visualize different alternative mechanisms by putting plastic hinges at various crucial points of the structure. Calculate the value of critical load for each mechanism by equating virtual internal and external work done during the displacement of the mechanism. The mechanism giving the lowest value of the critical load is the critical mechanism. Calculate value of moments at the joints where the plastic hinge has not been formed using statics.

STRUCTURE UNDER CONSIDERATION


3P P B 2Mp C

Mp

Mp

MECHANISMS FORMED
1. Beam mechanism in section BC. 2. Sway mechanism in complete structure. 3. Beam and sway mechanism combined.

BEAM MECHANISM
3P B 2Mp C

Mp

Mp

BEAM MECHANISM
3P B

C 2Mp
2

Mp

Mp

BEAM MECHANISM - I
External virtual work done = Wext = 3P(L/2) Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp + Mp + 2Mp(2) Wext = Wint (3/2)PL = 6Mp PC1 = 4Mp /L

=> =>

SWAY MECHANISM
P B 2Mp

Mp

Mp

SWAY MECHANISM
P B 2Mp

Mp

Mp

SWAY MECHANISM
External virtual work done = Wext = PL Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp(+)+Mp(+) Wext = Wint PL = 4Mp PC2 = 4Mp /L

=> =>

SWAY AND BEAM MECHANISM


3P P B 2Mp C

Mp

Mp

SWAY AND BEAM MECHANISM


3P P 2Mp
2 2

Mp

Mp

SWAY AND BEAM MECHANISM


External virtual work done = Wext = 3P(L/2) + PL Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp()+Mp(+2)+2Mp(2) Wext = Wint (5/2)P.L = 8Mp PC3 = 3.2Mp /L

=> =>

CRITICAL LOAD VALUES


1. PC1 = 4 Mp /L 2. PC2 = 4 Mp /L 3. PC3 = 3.2 Mp /L
The combined sway and beam mechanism gives the least value for critical load and hence PC3 is considered the critical load for this structure in plastic analysis.

CHECK
To make sure that some other mechanism was not overlooked, it is necessary to check the plastic moment condition anywhere on the frame to see that IMI < Mp

CHECK
Consider column CD MC = 0 => MP + MP - HD L = 0 => HD = 2MP /L
C Mp

Mp

HD D Mp

CHECK
HA + HD = P
=> HA = 1.2MP /L Consider column AB MB = 0 => MB + MP - HA L = 0 => MB = 0.2MP
Mp P B Mp

HA A Mp

Since the moment MB < MP , the correct collapse load has been obtained.

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM


Mp B 0.2 Mp 0.2 Mp C Mp

Mp A

Mp

II ANALYSIS

STRUCTURE UNDER CONSIDERATION


4P 3P B 2Mp C 3Mp 5P D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

Two bay portal frame.

MECHANISMS FORMED
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Beam mechanism in section BC. Beam mechanism in section CD. Sway mechanism in complete structure. Combined mechanisms. Beam and sway mechanism combined.

BEAM MECHANISM - I
4P B 2Mp C 3Mp D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

BEAM MECHANISM - I
4P B

C 2Mp
2

D 3Mp

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

BEAM MECHANISM - I
External virtual work done = Wext = 4P.L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp + 2Mp(2+) Wext = Wint 4PL = 7Mp PC1 = 1.75Mp /L

=> =>

BEAM MECHANISM - II
5P C 2Mp 3Mp D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

BEAM MECHANISM - II
5P B 2Mp C

D 3Mp
2

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

BEAM MECHANISM - II
External virtual work done = Wext = 5P.(3/2)L Internal virtual work done = Wint = 3Mp (+2) + 2Mp Wext = Wint (15/2)PL = 11Mp PC2 = 1.47Mp /L

=> =>

SWAY MECHANISM
3P B 2Mp C 3Mp D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

SWAY MECHANISM
3P B 2Mp

C 3Mp

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

SWAY MECHANISM
External virtual work done = Wext = 3P.2L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp(+)+2Mp(+)+2Mp(+) Wext = Wint 6PL = 10Mp PC3 = 1.67Mp /L

=> =>

COMBINED MECHANISM -I
4P 3P B 2Mp C 3Mp D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

COMBINED MECHANISM -I
4P 3P

2Mp
2

C 3Mp
2

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

COMBINED MECHANISM -I
External virtual work done = Wext = 3P.2L + 4P.L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp(+ )+2Mp(+2)+ 2Mp(+)+2Mp(2) Wext = Wint 10P.L = 16Mp PC4 = 1.60Mp /L

=> =>

COMBINED MECHANISM -II


5P 3P B 2Mp C 3Mp D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

COMBINED MECHANISM -II


5P 3P B 2Mp

C 3Mp
2

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

COMBINED MECHANISM -II


External virtual work done = Wext = 3P.2L + 5P.(3/2)L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp(+ )+2Mp(+ )+ 2Mp(+2)+3Mp(2) Wext = Wint 13.5P.L = 18Mp PC5 = 1.33Mp /L

=> =>

SWAY AND BEAM MECHANISM


4P 3P B 2Mp C 3Mp 5P D

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

SWAY AND BEAM MECHANISM


4P 3P B 2Mp
2 2

5P C 3Mp
2 2

Mp

2Mp

2Mp

2L

2L

3L

SWAY AND BEAM MECHANISM


External virtual work done = Wext = 4P.L + 5P.(3/2)L + 3P.2L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp()+2Mp(+2)+2Mp(+2)+ 2Mp(2)+3Mp(2) Wext = Wint (35/2)P.L = 23Mp PC6 = 1.31Mp /L

=> =>

CRITICAL LOAD VALUES


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PC1 = 1.75Mp /L PC2 = 1.47Mp /L PC3 = 1.67Mp /L PC4 = 1.60Mp /L PC5 = 1.33Mp /L PC6 = 1.31Mp /L

The combined sway and beam mechanism gives the least value for critical load and hence PC6 is considered the critical load for this structure in plastic analysis.

MOMENT
Moment at A = Mp Moment at B = Unknown Moment at C = 2Mp Moment at D =2Mp Moment at E = 2Mp Moment at F = 2Mp

CONCLUSION
Plastic analysis makes use of the assumption that the elastic deformation is so small that it can be ignored. Therefore, in using this method of analysis, the material behaves as if the structure does not deform until it collapses plastically. This behavior is depicted in the stressstrain diagram shown earlier. Although classical rigid plastic analysis has many restrictions in its use, its simplicity still has certain merits for the plastic design of simple beams and frames. However, its use is applicable mainly for manual calculations as it requires substantial personal judgment to, for instance, locate the plastic hinges in the structure. This report has described the classical theorems of plasticity and the application of these theorems to plastic analysis demonstrated by the use of manual calculations of simple structures.

CONCLUSION
Emphasis is placed on the use of the mechanism method in which rigid plastic behavior for steel material is assumed. In plastic analysis of a structure, the ultimate load of the structure as a whole is regarded as the design criterion but the calculation of the critical load has shown that the minimum value of the critical load from all the calculated ones from different mechanisms is to be considered and these calculated values are not to be superimposed.

THANKYOU

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism Real hinge PC = 4 MP /L

PC Real hinge

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with UDL
W/m

Collapse Mechanism Real hinge PC = 8 MP /L2


PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
Plastic hinge

W/m

Real hinge

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism PC = 8 MP /L

PC Plastic hinge

Plastic hinge

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with UDL
W/m

Collapse Mechanism PC = 16 MP /L2

Plastic hinge

W/m

Plastic hinge

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism
Plastic hinge

PC Real hinge

PC = 6 MP /L
Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with UDL
W/m

Collapse Mechanism
Plastic hinge W/m Real hinge

PC = 8 MP /L2
Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Cantilever with point load
P

Collapse Mechanism
PC

PC = MP /L

Plastic hinge

PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support

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