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PHASES
Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV Phase V Introduction Brief discussion Structure under consideration Analysis of structure Conclusion
PHASE I INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Steel structures have peculiar behaviour compared to concrete structures in the sense that on the steel structures if the load is increased, some of the sections in the structure develop yield stress. Any further increase in the stress causes the structure to undergo elasto plastic deformations and some of the sections may develop a fully plastic condition at which a sufficient number of plastic hinges are formed, transforming the structure into a mechanism. This mechanism collapses without noticeable additional loading. A study of the mechanism of failure and knowledge of the load causing the mechanism is necessary to determine the load factor. A structure is designed so that its collapse load is equal to or higher than the working load multiplied by the load factor specified.
B D Actual curve E C Idealised curve AB - Elastic range BC Yield points CD Stain hardening DE - Failure
MP MY
BC Yield points
M Moment Curvature
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Beam Section
Stress under M
Stress under My
Stress under Mp
M Moment corresponding to working load My Moment at which section develops yield stress M Moment at which entire section is under yield stress
PLASTIC HINGE
In structural engineering beam theory the term, plastic hinge, is used to describe the deformation of a section of a beam where plastic bending occurs. It is that cross-section of a member where bending stresses are equal to yield stresses.
LOAD FACTOR
The ratio of the load causing collapse to the working load is called load factor. The load factor is dependent upon the shape of the section as the working load is dependent on I and Z values and the collapse load is dependent upon the shape of the section. Load factor = Mp / M
FACTOR OF SAFETY
This is defined as : Factor of Safety = First yield load/ Working Load
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
When a system of loads is applied to an elastic body, it will deform and will show a resistance against deformation. Such a body is known as a structure. On the other hand if no resistance is set up against deformation in the body, then it is known as a mechanism. Various types of independent mechanisms are identified to enable prediction of possible failure modes of a structure.
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with point load
P
PC Real hinge
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with UDL
W/m
W/m
Real hinge
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P
Collapse Mechanism PC = 8 MP /L
PC Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with UDL
W/m
Plastic hinge
W/m
Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P
Collapse Mechanism
Plastic hinge
PC Real hinge
PC = 6 MP /L
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Cantilever with point load
P
Collapse Mechanism
PC
PC = MP /L
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
Mp
Mp
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
PHASE IV ANALYSIS
METHOD
Draw the structure and visualize different alternative mechanisms by putting plastic hinges at various crucial points of the structure. Calculate the value of critical load for each mechanism by equating virtual internal and external work done during the displacement of the mechanism. The mechanism giving the lowest value of the critical load is the critical mechanism. Calculate value of moments at the joints where the plastic hinge has not been formed using statics.
Mp
Mp
MECHANISMS FORMED
1. Beam mechanism in section BC. 2. Sway mechanism in complete structure. 3. Beam and sway mechanism combined.
BEAM MECHANISM
3P B 2Mp C
Mp
Mp
BEAM MECHANISM
3P B
C 2Mp
2
Mp
Mp
BEAM MECHANISM - I
External virtual work done = Wext = 3P(L/2) Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp + Mp + 2Mp(2) Wext = Wint (3/2)PL = 6Mp PC1 = 4Mp /L
=> =>
SWAY MECHANISM
P B 2Mp
Mp
Mp
SWAY MECHANISM
P B 2Mp
Mp
Mp
SWAY MECHANISM
External virtual work done = Wext = PL Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp(+)+Mp(+) Wext = Wint PL = 4Mp PC2 = 4Mp /L
=> =>
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
=> =>
CHECK
To make sure that some other mechanism was not overlooked, it is necessary to check the plastic moment condition anywhere on the frame to see that IMI < Mp
CHECK
Consider column CD MC = 0 => MP + MP - HD L = 0 => HD = 2MP /L
C Mp
Mp
HD D Mp
CHECK
HA + HD = P
=> HA = 1.2MP /L Consider column AB MB = 0 => MB + MP - HA L = 0 => MB = 0.2MP
Mp P B Mp
HA A Mp
Since the moment MB < MP , the correct collapse load has been obtained.
Mp A
Mp
II ANALYSIS
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
MECHANISMS FORMED
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Beam mechanism in section BC. Beam mechanism in section CD. Sway mechanism in complete structure. Combined mechanisms. Beam and sway mechanism combined.
BEAM MECHANISM - I
4P B 2Mp C 3Mp D
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
BEAM MECHANISM - I
4P B
C 2Mp
2
D 3Mp
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
BEAM MECHANISM - I
External virtual work done = Wext = 4P.L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp + 2Mp(2+) Wext = Wint 4PL = 7Mp PC1 = 1.75Mp /L
=> =>
BEAM MECHANISM - II
5P C 2Mp 3Mp D
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
BEAM MECHANISM - II
5P B 2Mp C
D 3Mp
2
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
BEAM MECHANISM - II
External virtual work done = Wext = 5P.(3/2)L Internal virtual work done = Wint = 3Mp (+2) + 2Mp Wext = Wint (15/2)PL = 11Mp PC2 = 1.47Mp /L
=> =>
SWAY MECHANISM
3P B 2Mp C 3Mp D
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
SWAY MECHANISM
3P B 2Mp
C 3Mp
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
SWAY MECHANISM
External virtual work done = Wext = 3P.2L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp(+)+2Mp(+)+2Mp(+) Wext = Wint 6PL = 10Mp PC3 = 1.67Mp /L
=> =>
COMBINED MECHANISM -I
4P 3P B 2Mp C 3Mp D
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
COMBINED MECHANISM -I
4P 3P
2Mp
2
C 3Mp
2
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
COMBINED MECHANISM -I
External virtual work done = Wext = 3P.2L + 4P.L Internal virtual work done = Wint = Mp(+ )+2Mp(+2)+ 2Mp(+)+2Mp(2) Wext = Wint 10P.L = 16Mp PC4 = 1.60Mp /L
=> =>
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
C 3Mp
2
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
=> =>
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
5P C 3Mp
2 2
Mp
2Mp
2Mp
2L
2L
3L
=> =>
The combined sway and beam mechanism gives the least value for critical load and hence PC6 is considered the critical load for this structure in plastic analysis.
MOMENT
Moment at A = Mp Moment at B = Unknown Moment at C = 2Mp Moment at D =2Mp Moment at E = 2Mp Moment at F = 2Mp
CONCLUSION
Plastic analysis makes use of the assumption that the elastic deformation is so small that it can be ignored. Therefore, in using this method of analysis, the material behaves as if the structure does not deform until it collapses plastically. This behavior is depicted in the stressstrain diagram shown earlier. Although classical rigid plastic analysis has many restrictions in its use, its simplicity still has certain merits for the plastic design of simple beams and frames. However, its use is applicable mainly for manual calculations as it requires substantial personal judgment to, for instance, locate the plastic hinges in the structure. This report has described the classical theorems of plasticity and the application of these theorems to plastic analysis demonstrated by the use of manual calculations of simple structures.
CONCLUSION
Emphasis is placed on the use of the mechanism method in which rigid plastic behavior for steel material is assumed. In plastic analysis of a structure, the ultimate load of the structure as a whole is regarded as the design criterion but the calculation of the critical load has shown that the minimum value of the critical load from all the calculated ones from different mechanisms is to be considered and these calculated values are not to be superimposed.
THANKYOU
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with point load
P
PC Real hinge
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically determinate beam with UDL
W/m
W/m
Real hinge
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P
Collapse Mechanism PC = 8 MP /L
PC Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with UDL
W/m
Plastic hinge
W/m
Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with point load
P
Collapse Mechanism
Plastic hinge
PC Real hinge
PC = 6 MP /L
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Statically indeterminate beam with UDL
W/m
Collapse Mechanism
Plastic hinge W/m Real hinge
PC = 8 MP /L2
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
Cantilever with point load
P
Collapse Mechanism
PC
PC = MP /L
Plastic hinge
PC represents the theoretical max load that the beam can support