Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure

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Advance Design of RC Structure
Lecture 9

Design of Raft Foundation

Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Raft Foundations
Raft foundations
A raft is essentially a very large spread footing that usually encompasses
the entire footprint of the structure. They are also known as mat
foundation.
Foundation engineers often consider mats when
The structure loads are so high or the soil conditions so poor that the
spread footings would be exceptionally large. If spread footings would
cover more than about one third of the building area, a mat will be more
economical.
The soil is very erratic & prone to excessive differential settlements. The
continuity & rigidity of the mat foundation helps in reducing differential
settlement of individual columns relative to each other.
Lateral loads are not uniformly distributed through the structure & thus
may cause differential horizontal movements in spread footing. The
continuity & rigidity of the mat will resist such movements.
The uplift loads are larger than spread footing can accommodate.
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Raft Foundations
The bottom of the structure is located below the groundwater table, so
waterproofing is an important concern. The weight of the mat also helps
resist hydrostatic uplift forces from the groundwater.
Types of raft foundation
Cellular raft foundation
Used on site where, poor ground must
resist high bending moments
Crust raft foundation or blanket mat
Slab with thickening under the columns
& walls
Plane raft foundation
Piled rafts
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Raft Foundations
Methods of designing raft foundation
The conventional rigid method
This method is easy to apply & the computations can be carried out
using hand calculations.
The application of this is limited to rafts with relative regular
arrangement of columns.
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Raft Foundations
The finite element method
This method can be used for the analysis of raft regardless of the
column arrangements, loading conditions, & existence of cores &
shear walls.
Commercially available computer programs like SAP2000 & SAFE
can be used.
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Geotechnical Design
Bearing capacity
The allowable bearing capacity of a raft footing is given by

2
1 0.33
1 1
0.08 3.28 25.4
f
all
N D s
q
B B
| | | || |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
For B < 1.2m
0.08 25.4
all
N s
q
| |
=
|
\ .
Where
q
all
is allowable bearing capacity in kilopascals
N is standard penetration test (SPT) blow count
B is the width of the footing
s is the settlement in millimeters
D
f
is the depth of the footing in meters
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Geotechnical Design
Settlement of raft foundation
The settlement of raft footing can be estimated in a manner similar to
that of spread footings.
Immediate Settlement; based on the theory of elasticity can be used to
estimate the corner settlement of a rectangular footing with dimensions
of L' and B',



2
1 2
1 1 2
'
1
s s
i F
s s
v v
s qB I I I
E v
| |

= +
|

\ .
Where
q is the contact stress
B is the least dimension of the footing
v
s
is the Poisson ratio of the soil
E
s
is the elastic modulus of the soil
I
1
, I
2
& I
F
are obtained from, the table & the figure attached, in terms
of the rations N = H/B (H = layer thickness), M = L/B & D/B
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Structural Design of Raft Foundation
Conventional rigid method

Step 1: Check soil pressure
The resultant of columns working loads
equals:
1 2 3
...
total i
P P P P P = + + + =

The soil pressure at any point can be

obtained;
y
total x
allowable
x y
M
P M
q y x q
A I I
= s
Where;
A = area of the raft (BL)
I
x
= moment of inertia of the raft about
x-axis = BL
3
/12
I
y
= moment of inertia of the raft about
y-axis = LB
3
/12
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Structural Design of Raft Foundation
The e
x
& e
y
are the eccentricities of the resultant from the C.G. of the raft.
The coordinate of the eccentricities are given by:
1 1 2 2 3 3
...
'
total
Px P x P x
X
P
+ + +
=
'
2
x
B
e X =
1 1 2 2 3 3
...
'
total
P y P y P y
Y
P
+ + +
=
'
2
y
L
e Y =
Compare the maximum soil pressures with net allowable soil pressure
max , n all
q q s
M
x
= moment of applied loads about the x-axis = P
total
e
x
+ M
x
M
y
= moment of applied loads about the x-axis = P
total
e
y
+ M
y
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Structural Design of Raft Foundation
Step 2: Draw the shear force & bending moment diagrams
Divide the raft into several strips in the X-direction (B1, B2, B3)
& in the Y-direction (B4, B5, B6, B7)
The soil pressure at the center-line of the strip is
assumed constant along the width of the strip.
( ) ( )
( )
2
u total u x
u B
x
P M
L
q
A I
= +
( ) ( )
( )
2
u total u x
u E
x
P M
L
q
A I
=
The average pressure equals:
( ) ( )
( )
2
u B u E
u avg
q q
q
+
=
This value shall be used in
the analysis of the strip
The total soil reaction (R
B-E
) for the strip B-E is equal to:
( ) 2 B E u avg
R q B L

=
The total soil reaction (R
B-E
) for the strip B-E is equal to:
( )5 ( )6 ( )7 ( )8 B E u u u u
P P P P P

= + + +
All the loads has
to be factored
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Structural Design of Raft Foundation
The achieve equilibrium, columns loads & soil reaction must be
modified such that the sum of the forces is equal to zero
( )
2
B E B E
u avg
R P
P

+
=
The modified soil pressure equals:
( )
mod
u avg
P
q
L
=
The modified columns loads are obtained by multiplying each of the
applied loads by the factor o given by;
( ) u avg
B E
P
P
o

=
The shear & bending moment can be
computed using regular structure analysis
The same process should be carried out
for all the strips in the raft foundation
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Structural Design of Raft Foundation
Step 3: Design for flexure
The maximum positive & negative moments can be obtained.
The negative moments need top reinforcement & positive
moment needs bottom reinforcement.
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Discussions
Any Question?

Notes



Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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I
1
and I
2
for Settlement Equation
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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I
1
and I
2
for Settlement Equation
Lecture 9 Advance Design of RC Structure
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I
F
For Settlement Equation