Uniform Linear Array. Uniform Planar Array. Uniform Circular Array. Beam Forming. Constrained Beam Forming.

Modified Constraint Beam Forming. Comparison Of Spatial Response Obtained From Different Methods

(1)
.

Spatial response

Where,

Spatial response

Beam formation is directing main lobe of array of antennas along particular direction.

This is done by adjusting weights of elements of array and combining the signals from each element .
Various methods are employed to compute array weights. Depending on optimization parameters .

In the figure ,

Let

Then

Main lobe of antenna array pointed towards the particular direction by adjusting phase of the signal obtained from each array element. Weights for conventional beam former are ,

Where,

Is the steering vector along look direction.

The nulls are placed along interference directions.

Weights are obtained by solving constraints.

Constrained and Modified constrained beam forming explained in next section are examples to this method.

Spatial response is constructed using two basic polynomials

Spatial response using above polynomials , (2)

Constraints on spatial response are,

In matrix form,

(3)

Let us write (3) as,

Where

and

Therefore weight vector is,

Comparing (2) with spatial response of UPA is,

 Spatial response of UPA is , (4) Let (5) Be the constraints. From (4) and (5) we get

Where elements of matrix A are,

W is

Hence the least square solution,

Where E is,

(,)

Conventional Beam forming 0.1832 0.3333 0.0479 0.2549 1.0000

Constrained Beam forming 0.2502 0.2564 0.2009 0.1572 1.0000

Modified Constrained Beam forming 0.0006 0.0012 0.0109 0.0039 0.9776

90,45 90,60 90,210 90,300 90,120