Thermal Regulation & Exercise

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Mechanisms of Body Temperature Regulation

Human are homeothermic During prolonged exercise, illness or extreme conditions of heat & cold, body deviate outside the normal range of 36.1 to 37.8OC (97-100OF)

SPS211/FSRUiTM

The Transfer of Body Heat

Conduction
Transfer of heat from one material to another through direct molecular contact

Convection
Transferring heat from one place to another by the motion of gas or a liquid across the heated surface

Radiation
Primary method for discharging the body excess heat at rest

Evaporation
Primary avenue for heat dissipation during exercise 80% during exercise, 20% at rest SPS211/FSRUiTM

Balance of Body Heat Gain & Loss

Metabolic Heat + Environmental Heat

Radiation + Conduction + Convection + Evaporation

Heat Gain
SPS211/FSRUiTM

Heat Loss

Humidity & Heat Loss

The water vapor content humidity When humidity is high, the air already contains many water molecules.Thus, high humidity limits sweat evaporation & heat loss Low humidity offers ideal opportunity for sweat evaporation & heat loss (problem if water evaporates from the skin more rapidly than sweat is produced, the skin cab become too dry)

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Humidity & Heat Loss

Exposure to dry desert air at 32.2OC with 10% relative humidity, compared to the same air temperature with 90% relative humidity At 10% - you sweat profusely, but evaporation occurs so rapidly that you not aware you are sweating At 90% - little sweat can evaporate, continuous bath of sweat, very little heat is removed

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Control of Heat Exchange

Internal body temperature (rectal) at rest - 37OC (99OF) During exercise exceed 40OC

The Hypothalamus: Your Thermostat

The hypothalamus houses your thermoregulatory center It acted like a thermostat, monitoring your temperature & accelerating heat loss or heat production as needed
SPS211/FSRUiTM

Hypothermia
Low body temperature stimulates thermoreceptors
(Impulse go to hypothalamus)

Vasoconstriction occurs in skin blood vessels, so less heat is lost across the skin

Skeletal muscle are activated, causing shivering, which increases metabolism & generates heat

Body temperature increases

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Hyperthermia
High body temperature stimulates thermoreceptors
(Impulse go to hypothalamus)

Vasodilation occurs in skin blood vessels, so more heat is lost across the skin

Sweat glands become more active, increasing evaporative heat loss

Body temperature decreases

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Effectors that Alter Body Temperature

Sweat glands
Secrete sweat that moisten the skin

Smooth muscle around arterioles

Hot - dilate

Skeletal muscle
Cold involuntary muscle contraction

Endocrine glands
Cooling the body stimulates thyroxin release Elevated metabolic rate

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Physiological Response to Exercise in Heat

CV Function
During exercise in heat, the heat loss mechanisms complete with active muscle for more of the limited blood volume. Thus neither area is adequately supplied under extreme conditions Q may remain constant, SV may decline, resulting in a gradual upward drift in HR

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Physiological Response to Exercise in Heat

Energy Production
O2 uptake also increases during exercise in heat

Body Fluid Balance: Sweating

Sweating increases, lead to dehydration,& excessive electrolyte loss To compensate, the release of aldosterone & ADH, causing sodium & water retention, which can expand the plasma volume

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Measuring Heat Stress

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)
Dry bulb
Measures the actual air temperature

Wet bulb
Keep moist

Black Bulb
Absorbs radiated heat

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Heat Related Disorders

Heat Stress
Reflected by air temperature, humidity, air velocity & thermal radiation

Heat Cramps
Probably cause by losses of fluids & minerals that result from excessive sweating

Heat Exhaustion
Inability of the CV system to adequately meet the needs of active muscle & skin

Heat Stroke
Cause by failure of the body,s thermoregulatory mechanism Can be fatal if untreated
SPS211/FSRUiTM

Subjective Symptoms Associated with Overheating

Rectal Temperature
39.50C 40.50C 40.50C 41.10C 41.10C 41.70C > 42.20C

Symptoms
Sensation over stomach & back with piloerection goose bumps Muscular weakness, disorientation & loss of postural equilibrium Diminished sweating, loss of consciousness & hypothalamic control Death R.I.P
SPS211/FSRUiTM

Prevention of Hyperthermia
Competition & practice outdoor should not be held when WBGT is over 28OC Scheduling practices either in early morning or at night Fluid should be readily available Athletes should be required to drink as much as they can, stopping every 10 to 20 min for fluid break Proper clothing wear as little as possible Athletes should train adequately for fitness & become heat acclimatized

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Heat Acclimatization
Athlete can adapt to heat by exercising in the heat for up to an hour or more each day for 5 to 10 days CV changes generally occur in the first 3 to 5 days, but changes in sweating mechanism generally take much longer (up to 10 days)

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Heat Acclimatization
Improvements
Rate of sweating increases
Reduce skin temperature, promote heat loss

SV increases
Aids the delivery of more blood to the active muscle & skin

Reduce the rate of muscle glycogen use

Delay onset of fatigue

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Exercise in the Cold

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Exercise in the Cold

Our body avoid excessive cooling by:
Shivering
Involuntary muscle contraction increases metabolic heat production

Nonshivering thermogenesis
Stimulation of the SNS & by the action of hormone (thyroxin & catecholamines)

Peripheral vasoconstriction
Decrease the transfer of core heat to the skin, thus decreasing heat loss to the environment

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Factors Affecting Body Heat Loss

Body size & composition
Small surface area to body mass ratio (children)& those with more fat are less susceptible to hypothermia Female tolerance to cold better than men

Windchill
Wind increases heat loss by convention & conduction

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Physiological Responses to Exercise in Cold

Muscle Function
Cooled muscle is weaken & fatigue occurs more rapidly Muscle shortening velocity & power decreased

Metabolic Responses
During prolonged exercise in the cold, as energy supplies diminish & exercise intensity declines, a person becomes susceptible to hypothermia Exercise triggers the release of catecholamines, which increase the mobilization & use of FFA for fuel. However, in the cold, vasoconstriction impairs circulation to the subcutaneous fat tissue, so this process is attenuated
SPS211/FSRUiTM

Health Risk During Exercise in the Cold

Hypothermia
Once the body temperature falls below 34.50C (940F), the hypothalamus begin to lose ability to regulate body temperature 29. 50C total lost (associated with slowing of metabolic reaction drowsiness & coma)

Cardiorespiratory Effects
The heart SA node is primarily affected by hypothermia, causing the HR to drop & reduce Q Exposure to extreme cold does decrease respiratory rate & volume

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Health Risk During Exercise in the Cold

Treatment of Hypothermia
Protection from cold Provide dry clothing Warm beverages Slowing rewarming the victims

Frostbite
Occurs as a consequence of the body attempts to prevent heat loss Vasoconstriction to the skin causes reduced BF & skin rapidly cools Combined with the lack of oxygen & nutrients, causes the skin tissue to die

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Frostbite

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Cold Acclimatization
Repeated exposure to the cold may alter peripheral BF & skin temperature, allowing greater cold tolerance

SPS211/FSRUiTM