Cellular Communication

Dr. Neetesh Purohit Assistant Professor, IIIT-A

Distribution of Internal Marks

Proportionate marks for attendance (10) Quiz and assignment marks (25) Term Paper (50)

Presentation and questions raised in other presentations

Class performance (10)

Answer an instantaneous question The queries raised viva (+), etc

References

Wireless Communication - T S Rappaport

Fundamentals of Wireless Communications David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, CP

Planning and optimization of 3G and 4G Wireless Networks J.I. Agbinya Third Generation Wireless Comm; Vol-1: Post Shannon signal architecture - G. Calhoun Research papers (Term paper)

Electrical Communication system

Information Information

I/P Transducer

O/P Transducer

Electrical signal
Transmitter channel Receiver

Twisted Copper wire optical fiber

coaxial cable space

Use of space as a channel

Frequency dependent attenuation of various molecules Changing constituents of atmosphere

Practicability of antenna system

Propagation mechanism Reflection, Refraction, Scattering Availability of spectrum

Unique design constraints of wireless systems

Nonengineerable
Nonclonable Interference limited system (??)

FDD Vs TDD
TDD FDD

Tx and Rx on same freq but at different time slots. Separate carrier Time latency should be frequencies for properly selected for real uplink and time applications. downlink. There should be Generally used for short range comm. like cordless wide separation to systems. minimize adjacent Same fading effect in both channel direction interference. Better capacity Easy management implementation Strict timing and synchronization.

Evolution of cellular system

In 1946, the first mobile telephone service was introduced in 25 American cities. Each system used a single, high powered transmitter and large tower to cover distances over 50 Km with 120Khz RF bandwidth half duplex channels. Problems: Bulky mobile unit low battery life poor service performance (high blocking rate, inefficient spectrum utilization)

The solutions

Cellular architecture
Hexagonal cells (min BS, easier HO) Very high blocking and dropping rate

Frequency reuse concept (improved blocking, cochannel interference) Cluster size (N)= i2+j2+i*j Introduction of handoff (improved dropping)

Analog cellular system (FDMA)

In 1983, first analog cellular system was deployed in Chicago, USA with 30Khz RF bandwidth full duplex channels (first generation system).

Second generation systems (TDMA)

In 1990, GSM was introduced by European countries which supports 8 users in 200Khz RF bandwidth (25 khz per user) In 1991, the US Digital Cellular system (IS136) was installed which supports 3 users in 30 khz RF bandwidth ( 10Khz per user) In 1993, Qualcomm developed an CDMA mobile system (IS-95). 31st July 1995, Indias first mobile service was launched in Calcutta. It was a GSM network

FDMA Vs TDMA mobile systems

FDMA mobile Narrow channel (30Khz, more BW waste in guard band to avoid adjacent channel interference) Continuous Tx (easy synchronization, more battery power) High cost of BS due to costly BP filters. Duplexer is needed, if FDD is used. Idle channels cant be used to enhance the capacity.

TDMA mobile Channel BW is high (200Khz/8 users for GSM). Comparatively lower cost of BS. Duplexer is not needed, even in FDD, as delay of several time slots is introduced in forward and reverse channel. Better capacity management. Discontinuous transmission
Low battery power Simpler handoff More synchronization overhead

The shift in philosophy

From strict orthogonality to spreading (over S,T,F) Transmitter oriented strategies to Receiver oriented strategies.

From coded to uncoded system(?)

(Shannon- channel distorts the signal; New view- channel enriches the signal)