Configuring and testing

CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 11

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Topics The Internetwork Operating System (IOS). Devices that have the IOS embedded.

IOS commands available to a device.

IOS modes of operation.

Basic IOS commands.

Basic show commands.

Configuration files
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Internetwork Operating System Most Cisco devices use the Cisco IOS. Details vary with the device and feature set. Normal access through a command line.

Stored in flash memory and can be upgraded.

Usually copied into RAM when the device is powered on, and run from RAM.
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Access to the interface Console port via serial connection

Initial configuration

Disaster recovery
When network access has failed Password recovery As well as general management

Console access does not require a password. Configure a password. Lock the door.
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Telnet, SSH, Aux Later management can be via Telnet There must be an IP address on the port A password must be configured Secure shell gives better security AUX port can be used locally or via modem but by default does not show error messages
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Configuration files Hold the commands that have been configured on the router to customise it.

Running configuration in RAM holds commands that are in current use

Startup configuration in NVRAM holds saved commands. These are kept when the power is off and usually copied back into RAM when the router is re-started.
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Router storage areas

ROM Permanent Flash Keeps contents

Holds POST, boot instructions, basic IOS NVRAM

Keeps contents Holds startup configuration file

Holds IOS image RAM

Volatile Holds runnning config, tables, queues etc

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Router IOS modes

User EXEC mode enable
+ password

disable

Privileged EXEC mode

Configure terminal

Exit or Ctrl+z

Global Configuration mode

Various commands Exit End

Specific Configuration modes

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Router prompts
User EXEC mode Router>

Privileged EXEC mode

Router#

Global Configuration mode

Router(config)#
Router(config-if)# and others
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Specific Configuration modes

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EXEC modes You log in to User EXEC mode Router> You can give basic monitoring commands but cannot change the configuration

Enter enable to go to Privileged EXEC mode Router# Password may be used for security
You can give more commands and can go to configuration modes
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Configuration modes Start in privileged EXEC mode and enter the configure terminal (config t) command Router# config t Router(config)# The prompt changes

This is global configuration mode

Additional commands take you to interface configuration, router configuration etc.
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Leaving configuration modes From interface configuration mode there are several ways of getting to privileged EXEC Router(config-if)# exit Router(config)# exit Router# Router(config-if)# end Router# Router(config-if)# Ctrl+z Router#
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Command Structure

Followed by <Enter>
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? To get help ? Gives a list of commands available from the current prompt.

Command followed by space then ? Gives a list of keywords or arguments that can be used.
Start of command followed by ? with no space shows how the word can be continued.
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Shortened commands Router#show running-config Router#show run Router#sh ru It needs enough letters of each word to be unambiguous. (Tab key shows whole word) Router#s ru % Ambiguous command: s
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Other error messages Switch#clock set % Incomplete command Switch#clock set 19:50:00 25 6 ^

% Invalid input detected at ^ marker

Router#show runming-config % Invalid input detected at ^ marker
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Keyboard shortcuts

Tab

completes a partial command

Backspace erases to left of cursor Ctrl+D erases at cursor (Delete does not) Ctrl+Z returns from any config mode to privileged exec mode

Ctrl+C leave Setup mode

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Show commands

Show ? To get a list Many different show commands to give information about every aspect of the router and its operation

We use some of the most common.

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General show commands

Show running-config shows the configuration file from RAM

Show startup-config shows the saved configuration file from NVRAM

Show version gives information about the IOS and the router itself. It shows the configuration register, which controls how the router starts up.
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Show interfaces Gives statistics for all interfaces

In particular, says if the interface is up and if the protocol is up important in troubleshooting.

Show interfaces serial 0/0 to show one selected interface You can shorten to show int s 0/0

Show ip interfaces gives IP statistics

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Save configuration Router#copy running-config startupconfig Router#copy run start (shortened) Router#wr (Old fashioned, short for write, but it works and is safe.) Beware! A typing error in the copy command can delete the operating system. If you get an odd message about Flash hands off call for help.
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Hostname Router>enable Router#config t Router(config)#hostname Paris Paris(config)# Configure a suitable hostname so that you know which router you are managing and so that you can identify it in network documentation.
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Console password Paris(config)#line con 0 Paris(config-line)#password cisco Paris(config-line)#login Paris(config-line)#exit Restricts access via the console Use cisco as the password in labs. Use a proper strong password on production networks
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Vty password for Telnet Paris(config)#line vty 0 4 Paris(config-line)#password cisco

Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit

Allows and restricts access via 5 vty lines

Use cisco as the password in labs.

Use a proper strong, different password on production networks

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Enable and enable secret Paris(config)#enable secret class The password class is needed when you type enable to enter privileged exec mode This password is encrypted

Paris(config)#enable password cisco

Not encrypted, used on older routers

If you configure both, then only the enable secret is used.

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Message of the day Paris(config)#banner motd # No unauthorised access #

# is a delimiter to show where the message starts and ends.

Any character can be used as long as it does not appear in the message. The message should make it clear that unauthorised access is forbidden.
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Reload

Shuts down the router and then starts it again. If the configuration has changed then you are prompted to save it.
The running configuration in RAM is lost. The startup configuration from NVRAM is (usually) loaded into RAM on startup.
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Back up to TFTP server Start TFTP server software on host Paris#copy running-config tftp Remote host []? 172.16.1.1 Name of configuration file to write [Parisconfig]? Paris12Oct07

Write file Paris12Oct07 to 172.16.1.1? [confirm] y Writing Paris12Oct07 ! ! ! ! ! ! [OK]

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Back up as text file

Start text capture Name file

show run
Stop text capture Open saved file and

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TeraTerm text file

TeraTerm is an open source Telnet client. It can also act as a SSH client

It can capture text and save it as a file.

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Erase startup configuration

Paris#erase NVRAM:startup-config Paris#erase startup-config

Paris#erase start
If you reload, then the router starts up with the default configuration. No passwords, no IP addresses etc.

Caution if you get this command wrong then you could erase something else, e.g. IOS

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Restore file from TFTP server

Router#copy tftp running-config You will be prompted for IP address and file name.

Configuration is copied into RAM and takes effect at once.

Save to NVRAM.

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Restore text file

Go to global configuration mode Hyperterminal Transfer menu Send text file Or Copy text from text file Paste to host into Hyperterminal session

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Configure a router interface

Paris(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0 Paris(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0

Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit Interface names vary, depending on whether the router is modular and on the bandwidth. E.g. interface Ethernet 0 on an older router

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Configure a router interface

Paris(config)#interface serial 0/0 Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0

(Paris(config-if)#clock rate 64000)

Paris(config-if)#no shutdown Paris(config-if)#exit

DCE only

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Description
Paris(config)#interface fa0/0 Paris(config-if)#description Connects to Paris central switch Can include circuit and contact information Not needed for the operation of the router

Valuable for documentation as it is included in the configuration listing

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Switch interfaces
Switch physical interfaces do not have IP addresses They are active by default and do not need the no shutdown command. It can be useful to give them a description.

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Switch IP address
The switch IP address goes on a virtual interface, not a real one, normally VLAN1. SwA(config)#interface VLAN1 SwA(config-if)#ip address 172.16.255.1 255.255.0.0 SwA(config-if)#no shutdown

SwA(config-if)#exit

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Switch default gateway

SwA(config)#ip default gateway 172.16.255.254 Just like a workstation, a switch needs a default gateway if it exchanges messages with devices on a different network. The default gateway is the address of the local router.

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Interface show commands

show interfaces states whether up or down, gives some protocol information and statistics about interface use.

show ip interface gives IP addresses and much more.

show ip interface brief gives summary of IP addresses and whether up/down. Very useful command.

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Up or down
Interface status: Layer 1
Up Down Administratively down (no shutdown to bring up)

Protocol: Layer 2
Up

Down (no keepalive signal received)

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Ping step by step

Ping 127.0.0.1 (loopback, is TCP/IP OK?) Ping own IP address (are NIC hardware and software all right? Is IP address bound?) Ping local hosts (checks own configuration and that of others) Ping gateway Ping other intermediate routers Ping hosts on remote networks

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Network baseline
Measure and record performance
At different times Under different conditions Repeatedly over a period of time

Build up a record of network performance Useful in troubleshooting and optimising the network

Helps predict future problems

Helps planning for change

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Find out about nodes

Ping used from workstation, router or switch shows if destination can be reached Traceroute shows hops along the path Arp -a on workstation shows list of MAC and IP addresses show mac-address-table on switch shows list of MAC addresses and switch ports

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Summary
Hierarchical Design model addresses performance, scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network performance. Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access Distribution

Core

Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the business.
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Labs & Activities

Type Lab Lab Lab Lab Lab Detail 11.1.6 11.1.7 11.2.1 11.2.2 11..2.3 Mandatory* Mandatory Mandatory Review carefully Mandatory

* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended

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