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PRESENTED BY:
AZIZI.NAVID SOTOUDEH.MARYAM
INDICATIONS:
A: Trauma B: Toothache C: Suspected developmental disturbances D: Proximal caries
Methods of Protection
A: B: C: D: Lead apron and thyroid collar Faster film speed Film screen combination Quality control begins with the dark room
NOTE : natural radiation averaging for each human being: 360 (mrem /y) or 3.60
(msiv/y)
PATIENT CATEGORY
CHILD TRANSITIONAL DENTITION (FOLLOWING ERUPTION OF FIRST PERMANENT TOOTH) Individualized radiographic examination consisting of periapical/occlusal views and posterior bite-wings and panoramic examination and posterior bite-wings
Recall patient* Clinical caries or high-risk factors for caries No clinical caries and no factors for caries
Posterior bite-wing examination 6-month intervals or until no carious lesions are evident
Posterior bite-wing examination at 12- to 24-month intervals if proximal surfaces of primary teeth cannot be visualized or probed
Individualized radiographic examination consisting of selected periapical and/or bite-wing radiographs for areas where periodontal disease (other than non-specific gingivitis) can be demonstrated clinically Usually not indicated Individualized radiographic examination consisting of a periapical/occlusal or panoramic examination
Intra-oral radiographs
three type: Intra-oral periapical radiograph (IOPA)
Bitewing radiograph
Occlusal radiograph
FILM SIZES
Film placement: Position the film so that it will cover the teeth.
Film position: Position the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth. The film in the film holder must be placed away from the teeth and toward the middle of the mouth.
Vertical angulation: Direct the central ray of the x-ray beam perpendicular to the film and the long axis of the tooth. Horizontal angulation: Direct the central ray of the x-ray beam through the contact areas between the teeth. Central ray: Center the x-ray beam on the film to ensure that all areas of the film are exposed.
Fig. 41-10
Positions of the film teeth and central ray of the x-ray beam in the paralleling technique.
Fig. 41-5
The x-rays pass through the contact areas of the premolars because the central ray is directed through the contacts and perpendicular to the film.
Fig. 41-6
Fig. 41-14
Fig. 41-20
Image field Maxilary central incisor Maxillary lateral incisor Maxillary canine Maxillary premolar
Cortical angulation
Point of intery Midline about through the tip of the nose Through the ala of nose about 1cm from the midline
+55 degrees
+55-50 degrees
Maxillary molar
Mandibular central lateral , incisor
+25 degrees
-25 degrees -20-15 degrees -10 degrees -5 -0degrees
Below the vermilion border of the lip approximately 1cm from the midline
Mandibular canine
Mandibular premolar
Mandibular molar
Bite-wing Examinations
A bite-wing radiograph shows the crowns and interproximal areas Bite-wing radiographs are also useful in examining the crestal bone levels between the teeth.(pocket formation)
+10 vertical angulation is used to compensate for the slight bend of the upper portion of the film and the tilt of the maxillary teeth.
Fig. 41-37
Fig. 41-39
Mounted full mouth series with eight anterior films using the paralleling technique.
Fig. 41-2 B
THANK YOU