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1.
Designers usually do not intend their devices to be sources of interference . However ,what is a desired signal in one path may be an undesired signal or noise in a path into which it is unintentionally coupled.
2. Devices are designed for a wide variety of power levels, all the way from microwatts to megawatts. A relatively small arc associated with power switching may result in a serious disturbance to a sensitive(i.e low power level) circuit.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is defined as electromagnetic energy from sources external or internal to electrical or electronic equipment that adversely affects equipment by creating undesirable responses (degraded performance or malfunctions). EMI can be divided into two
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is defined as an electrical system's ability to perform its specified functions in the presence of electrical noise generated either internally or externally by other systems. The goal of EMC is to minimize the influence of electrical noise
The cause of an EMI problem may be either within the system one is dealing with ,in which case the problem is labelled an Intrasystem
The EMI may come from the outside ,in which case the problem is given the INTERSYSTEM In all cases EMI arieses because of a combination of three factors : Sourse, Transmission path, and response,at least one of which is unplanned.
1 2 3 SOURCE
RECEPTOR
4 Power Line
PATH 2
Direct radiation from source picked up by the electrical power cables or the signal/control cables connected to the receptor,which reaches the receptor via conduction PATH 3 Electromagnetic inteference radiated by the electrical power,signal,or control cables of the source PATH 4 The electromagnetic interference carried by various power/signal/control cables connected to the source,which may couple into the power/signal/control cables of the receptor
TRANSMISSION PATHS
Transmission paths are both Conducted and Radiated. Conducted means carried by metallic paths,including lumped components such as capacitors and transformers. Radiated is the term used to characterize non-metallic paths,even though the transfer mechanism be the near field or induction,rather than radiation,field of an antenna.
RE E EMITTER CE
RS S SUSCEPTOR
The charateristics of an emitter are said to be its conducted emission and its radiation emission. The charateristics of a susceptor are said to be its conducted susceptibility and its radiated susceptibilty
CS
Conducted Emission (CE): The potential EMI that is directly coupled through conduction (with attenuation) from one network or device to another. It may be generated inside equipment and transferred through power lines, I/O lines, or control leads. Conducted Susceptibility (CS): The determination or measurement of a device's capability to function in the presence of undesirable conducted EMI.This usually involves conduction through with the I/O cables, signal leads, or power lines. Radiated Emission (RE):
Desired or undesired electromagnetic energy that is propagated into or across space, either as a transverse electromagnetic wave or by capacitive or inductive coupling.
Radiated Susceptibility (RS): The determination or measurement of a device's capability to function in the presence of undesirable radiated EMI from external electromagnetic sources
2. Power Supplies
3. Generators 4. Computers 5. Radar Transmitters 6. Radio Transmitters 7. Fluorescent Lights
2. Relays
3.Navigation Instruments 4. Computers 5. Radar Receivers 6. Radio Receivers 7. Ordance
Note: Emitter is used to denote a source of electromagnetic energy. Susceptor is used to denote a device that respondes to electromagnetic energy. Any item in an emitter column may interfere with any item in a susceptor column .
4.Aircraft
5.Shipboard 6.Land mobile 7.Radio Receivers 8.Local Oscillator 9.Radar transmitters 10.Power lines 11.Lighting Strokes 12.Motors
4.Aircraft
5.Shipboard 6.Land mobile 7.Radio Transmitters 8.low-level circuits 9.Radar Receivers 10.Heat Pacers 11.Computers 12.Navigational Instruments
13.Fluorescent Lights
13.Industrial Controls
Radar interference with aircraft navigation systems Power line Interference with telecommunications systems Mobile radio interference with television receivers Powerline transient interference to computer systems
Interference from an automotive ignition system to a radio receiver with in the car Leakage of radar transmitter energy into the radar receiver Inadvertent interstage coupling via ground loop currents
Interference caused by digital circuits operating from a common power supply with low level analog circuits
Interference caused by magnetic field of a tape drive to low level digital circuits within a computer system
F J G
Noise source A radiates and conducts interference . Sensitive device B accepts the direct radiation.
Equipment noise(electromagn etic interactions in circuits and systems Circuits and Components
Natural noise
Systems
Terrest rial
Celesti al
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERFERENCE
1.Bandwidth 1.1 Narrowband Interference 1.2 Broadband Interference 2.Amplitude Behavior 2.1 Thermal Noise 2.2 Impulsive Noise
Narrowband Interference is usually thought of as occupying only tens or hundreds of kilohertz at the most. Examples are 1.Single channel radio systems using amplitude modulation ,frequency modulation phase-shift keying or ssb transmission. 2.Certain miltiplexed analog and digital systems 3.The harmonic outputs of communication transmitters 4.Prime power(60hz and 400hz) outputs and their harmonics 5.Local Oscillators
6.Radio altimeters
Broadband Interference
Broadband energy may be dispersed across tens or hundreds of megahertz or more Broadband interference often is composed of narrow pulses having relatively short rise and fall times Amplitude Behavior
Interference amplitudes can behave in a variety of manners,regardless of the associated bandwidths.In addition to different types of amplitude distributions
Radiated emission and radiation susceptibilty are measured in terms of field strength (Volts per meter,or tesla).
Conducted emission and conducted susceptibility are measured as voltages and currents(volts, or amperes).
Singlefrequency or very narrowband measurements are expressed as amplitude, whereas broadband measurements are expressed on a per unit bandwidth(e.g.per hertz) basis.
Electric field
Conducted Interference
Conducted interference is interference that propagates through a metallic conductor such as wiring or any metallic structure. It includes interference propagated through inductors,capacitors and transformers.
A corona is a type of plasma "atmosphere" of the Sun or other celestial body, extending millions of kilometers into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but also observable in a coronagraph. The Latin root of the word corona means crown.
Source
Heater Circuits Fluorescent Lamps Mercury Arc Lamps Computer logic box Command programmer Signal Lines Power Lines
Spectrum
50khz to 25khz 0.1 to 3 Mhz 0.1 to 1.0 Mhz 50khz to 20 Mhz 0.1 to 25 Mhz 1 to 25Mhz
Magnitude
20 to 300 Microvolt/khz 8000 V / khz
Multiplexer
Lactching Contactor Coil pulses Contact cycling Transfer Switch Power Supply Switching Circuit Power Controller Power Transfer controller Constant noise transients
1 to 10 Mhz
1 to 25 Mhz 50khz to 25Mhz 0.1 to 25 Mhz 0.5 to 25Mhz 2 to 15 khz 10 to 25Mhz 50 khz to 25 Mhz
As a source ,a path and a Susceptor must all be present for an interference situation to exist, so there are design particles relevant to each of these entities. Conducted inerference problems,design particles deals with the treatment of noise sources ,with transmission paths,and with sensitive devices 1. Noise Source Treatment 1.1 modes of operation 1.2 pulse Design
Noise Source Treatment : Noise Source Treatment must consider the sources modes of operation as well as pulse design and arc discharges Pulse Design : Pulses produce the least EMI when they have slow rise rates and are of long duration Do not operate oscillatory circuits and switching devices at a faster speed than that necessary to perform the desired function.
Arc Discharge :
Minimize the occurrence of arc discharges. Arcs result when the potential difference between two bodies is great enough to breakdown the intermediate insulation.
Radiated interference is any interference transferred through a medium by an electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field constituted energy which actually escapes from a source and spreads out in space according to the laws of wave propagation. Radiated energy will degrade the performance of a nearby device depend upon:
1. The directivity of the energy as it leaves the source 2. Losses in propagating to the device 3. The susceptibility of the device to the characteristics of the energy.
Electromagnetic radiation can escape from equipment in a variety of ways: 1. Through component case: The case material is not designed to attenuate adequately the enclosed electric and magnetic fields Example: plastic case or a partially open metal case . 2. Through component case discontinuities: The case is not mechanically tight to EMI(many component cases are not designed to prevent radiation) Example: connector holes, fuse holes, control shaft holes, mating surfaces
Shielding effectiveness: The component case in which the shielding effectiveness is not fully utilized because of inadequate case grounding Via interconnecting cabling attached to a component Via unusal conditions Example: corroded surfaces, corona discharges ,charge build-up between components, and insulation breakdown.
Magnitude
A standard represents a consensus of those substantially concerned with scope and provisions of the particular standard.It is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the user, and others who are likely to be effected.