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Foundations

Foundation supports weight of structure


Includes soil and rock under foundation Building construction described by foundation type
Slab on grade Crawl space Basement provides useful space if dry

Spread footings
Most common type of foundation
Square or rectangular pad which spreads building load over an area
Load is less than bearing capacity of soil

F10-2
Isolated footing support single column Wall footing supports wall Combined footing support multiple columns or walls Mat supports entire building, uses a heavily reinforces slab

Spread footings
Mat supports entire building, uses a heavily reinforces slab Floating slab mat foundation where weight of soil removed = weight of building (building floats on soil)

Piles
Column driven into soil
Common types
Timber inexpensive, easy to cut & splice, no special handling
Max length = 100, load carrying limited, pile ends may splinter, subject to insects and decay Can use pressure treated Good underwater

Precast concrete piles


Come in almost any size and shape round, square , octagonal

Piles
Precast concrete piles
Come in almost any size and shape round, square , octagonal High strength, no decay Heaviest type of pile, brittle, no tensile strength Need careful handling, hard to cut & splice

Cast in Place Piles


Shell piles steel shell driven into ground and then concrete poured in Steel serves as additional reinforcement Types = uniform taper, step taper and straight Light, easy to handle, easy to cut & splice

Piles
Steel Piles
Capable of heavy loads Driven to great depths, easy to cut & splice, Common types = H-piles, pipe piles High cost

Composite piles Made from 2+ materials


Timber bottom, steel top Wont decay

Bulb piles

Bulb Piles
Franki Piles or pressure injected footings Special form of cast in place pile with an enlarged base for increased load bearing

F 10-4 Minipiles, micro piles


Small diameter piles (2-8 inches) High capacity (to 60 ton) Used where there is restricted access or headroom to underpin or temp support a building Usually placed as a steel casing with reinforcing then whole thing is grouted to soil

Pile driving
Drop hammer ancient pile driver F10-5
Pile driver is usually crane driven Pile driver consists of a
Drop weight Leads guide for weight Pile driving consists of placing a pile in the lead Dropping the weight Lifting weight Repeat Must have a stop block to keep weight on leads

Power Hammer Pile Drivers


Use a working fluid to drive hammer Steam or compressed air was first type used Hydraulic is newer version Single acting hammer
Fluid lifts weight which then falls down

Double acting hammer


Fluid lifts weight and drive weight down Hammer Lighter than single acting

Diesel hammer
F10-6 explain steps

Pile Driving Procedures


F10-8

Impact type pile driver


F 10-7

Power hammers work on piles not driven straight down

Piers & Caissons


Pier reinforced concrete column constructed below ground surface
Drilled piers holes drilled in cohesive soils are filled with a slurry until concrete is poured Holes drilled in non-cohesive soil has a liner which can be pulled as concrete is placed

Caisson structure used to provide all around lateral support to an excavation


Pneumatic caisson air or watertight structures open at bottom to permit excavation
Air pressure keeps water & soil out Must take safety into account bends Brooklyn Bridge

Stability of Excavation
Slope stability
Cohesive and non cohesive soils F 10-10, 10-11

Embankment failure
Based on soil type and angle of internal friction Safe depth range 5 -18 ft
OSHA anything over 4 must be guarded Failure modes F 10-12 Stability effected by weather, ground water, loads on banks

Stability of Excavation
Stability of Cut Bottom
Bottom can heave due to weight of soil on sides
Usually seen when in a cut

Boiling or piping
Occurs when water pressure moves soil up from bottom of cut F 10-16

Preventing Bank Failure


Need to strengthen soil or hold it back
To hold back use columns or piles across slip plane Soil reinforcement F 10-17 Dewatering

Protecting Excavations and Workers


OSHA has regulations
Protection can be sloping or benching side walls Supporting sidewalls with shoring Trench boxes Exception is when in stable rock

Shoring and Benching


Slope or bench walls away from cut
Takes up more room Requires more excavation and backfill

Shoring and Shielding


Laterally support side walls of cut
Timber shoring F 10-18 Aluminum Hydraulic shoring F 10-19 Lagging horizontal sheet piles Sheet piling Trench shields F10-20 Slurry trench F 10-21

Dewatering
Remove water from excavation
Well point F 10-22 Vacuum well F 10-23

Pressure grouting
F 10-24 Grout is pumped into soil and fills voids creating a stronger soil bond

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