Database

Industrial Scope
Dataware housing Ebanking Police Criminal record NADRA Datamining FIA database Macodonalds

What is Data ?

Definition of Data
Data consists of Facts, text, graphics, images, sound and video segments that have meaning to users environment.

Data can exist in a variety of forms: - As numbers or text on pieces of paper - As bits and bytes stored in electronic memory - As facts stored in a person's mind.

Data Type
Data is what we measure Data type refers to the classification of a particular type of information integer floating point character, string date student record blob (binary large object)

Data in Context

Large volume of facts, difficult to interpret or make decisions based on

INFORMATION
Data that has been processed in such a way that it can increase the knowledge of person who uses it

Useful information that managers can use for decision making and interpretation

Data vs Information
Data into information
Summarise data Data In context (table) Decision support

We use Database term without distinguish data or information

ACTIVITY
Please write down the data for cricket match bowling Do you get any information??

Definition of Database
Database is a shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization Database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of users and preconceived applications in which these users are interested.

Alternative Terminology
D a ta P ro c e ssi n g T e rm s F o rm a l T e rm s R e l a ti o n T u p le A ttri b u te A l te rn a ti v e 1 T a b le Row C o lu m n A l te rn a ti v e 2 F ile R e c o rd F ie ld

Formal terms are mostly used for technical users. Data processing terms are more natural for non technical users.

Computerized File Based Processing System

File-based Systems
A collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports). Each program defines and manages its own data.

Computerized File-based Processing

File handling routines & File definition

Sales

Sales files

File handling routines & File definition

Contracts

Contracts files

Three file processing systems

Duplicate Data

Limitation of Computerized File-based Approach

Separation and Isolation of data Each application maintains its own set of data. Users of one application may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other applications.

Duplication of data (data redundancy)

Same data is held by different files. No centralized control of data

Limited Data Sharing Lengthy Development Times

Programmers must design their own file formats

Excessive Program Maintenance

80% of information systems budget

Limitation of File-based Approach

Accessibility Data is stored using programs that are written in different languages and format Cannot easily access other files due to incompatible file format. No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs. Hard Coded Queries (Data dependence) File structure and all definition of data are defined in the application program code. Programs are written to satisfy particular functions / requirements. Any new requirement needs a new program.

Problems with Data Dependency

Each application programmer must maintain their own data Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data Lack of coordination and central control Non-standard file formats

Problems with Data Redundancy

Waste of space to have duplicate data Causes more maintenance headaches The biggest Problem:
When data changes in one file, could cause inconsistencies Compromises data integrity

SOLUTION:
Database Processing System

Database Processing

Sales Application

Sales
DBMS

Database
Contracts Application

Contracts

The DATABASE Approach

Central repository of shared data Data is managed by a controlling agent Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Management System

Application #1

Application #2

DBMS
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

Database containing centralized shared data

Application #3

Database Management System (DBMS)

A collection of programs that enables users to define,create and maintain and control access to the database.

General-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating databases for various applications.
Defining - specifying data types, structures, constraints. Constructing - storing of data Manipulation - querying, updating and reporting.

Popular DBMS In The Market

Sybase SQL Anywhere

Informix Dynamic Server

Borland Interbase

Database Management System

A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval system which permits data to be stored non-redundantly while making it appear to the user as if the data is well-integrated.

Advantages of Database Approach

Program-Data Independence
Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications dont need to worry about data formats Data queries/updates managed by DBMS so programs dont need to process data access routines Results in: increased application development and maintenance productivity

Minimal Data Redundancy

Leads to increased data integrity/consistency

Advantages of Database Approach

Improved Data Sharing
Different users get different views of the data

Enforcement of Standards
All data access is done in the same way

Improved Data Quality

Constraints, data validation rules

Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness

Use of standard data query language (SQL)

Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency

Disaster recovery is easier

Costs and Risks of the Database Approach

Up-front costs:
Installation Management Cost and Complexity Conversion Costs Cost of DBMS Additional hardware costs.

Ongoing Costs:
Requires New, Specialized Personnel Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery Higher impact of a failure

Organizational Conflict:
Old habits die hard

The Range of Database Applications

Personal Database standalone desktop database Workgroup Database local area network (<25 users) Department Database local area network (25-100 users) Enterprise Database wide-area network (hundreds or thousands of users)

Personal Computer Database

Workgroup database with local area network

An enterprise data warehouse

Components of DBMS Environment

1. Hardware Can range from a PC to a network of computers. 2. Software DBMS itself and operating system, including any network software if network is being used. 3. Data Includes actual data used by the organization, and description of data (schema). Also a system catalog contains data such as the names of authorized users.

Components of DBMS Environment

4. Procedures Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database, and the use of the DBMS.

5. People Data & Database Administrator Database Designer :- Logical & Physical Application Programmers End Users

DBMS Environment
Bridge

Data
Software

Hardware
Machine

Procedures People
Human

Database System Environment

Users/Programs
Application Programs/Queries

Software to Process Queries/Programs Software to Access Stored Data

Stored Database Definition

Stored Database

Evolution of DB Systems
Flat files - 1960s - 1980s Hierarchical 1970s - 1990s Network 1970s - 1990s Relational 1980s - present Object-oriented 1990s - present Object-relational 1990s - present Data warehousing 1980s - present Web-enabled 1990s - present

Summary
Course Contents Data Information Data Vs Information Database Terms DBMS Advantages Disadvantages of DBMS Database Terms Comparison of Computerized File Based Processing System & Database System