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Objective
To know: Why Heat Treatment is required? What is the relationship b/w structure & properties?
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Contents
Why Heat Treatment is required?
Spectrum of heat treatments used for steels Heat Treatment - definition Heat Treatment-processes
Contents
Graphical summary of the process of heat treatments of
Hardening of Steel
Mass effect & Hardenability Time-Temperature transformation (TTT ) Jominy End-Quench test Quenching Media
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Contents
Design Concerns, Residual Stresses, Distortion &
Cracking
Tempering of Martensite Symbols used in the Heat Treatment of steel
TTT Diagram
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Definition
Heat Treatment
A combination of heating & cooling operations, timed & applied to metals or alloys in a solid state in a way that will produce desired properties . All basic heat treating processes for steel involve the transformation or decomposition of austenite. The nature & properties of any transformation products determine the physical & mechanical properties.
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Annealing
Normalizing
Quenching
Tempering Spheroidizing
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Surface Hardening
Carburizing Nitriding Carbonitriding Cyaniding
Induction Hardening
Flame Hardening
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Austenite transformation
AUSTENITE
QUENCH
MARTNSITE
SLOW COOL
FERRITE + CARBIDE
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Annealing
Heating the steel above upper critical temperature and then cooling in furnace (very slow cooling, cooling rate ~ 10oC / hour). Objective of Annealing
Annealing
Types Process annealing -- to restore some ductility to
homogeneously & uniform structure resulting more ductile material that has greater stretch ratio & reduction of area properties but with low yield & tensile strength
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Stages of Annealing
There are three stages of recrystallization/ Annealing : Recovery
Removal of defects ( dislocations) & internal stresses
Recrystallization
Nucleation of strain-free grains & their growth to replace the deformed ones
Grain growth
Microstructure starts to coarsen
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Bright annealing performed in controlled atmosphere (Ar, N2) to prevent the formation of oxide on the surface , used for medium carbon steel
Diffusion annealing of semiconductor Si wafers are annealed, so that dopant atoms, B, P can diffuse into substitutional positions in the crystal lattice, resulting drastic changes in the electrical properties of the semiconductor material
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Normalizing
Heating the steel 50oC above upper critical temperature and then cooling in air (cooling rate ~100 oC / hour). The Objective of normalizing are: To eliminate coarse grain structure obtained during castings, forgings, rolling & stamping etc To increase strength of medium carbon steel To improve machinability of low carbon steels. To improve the structure of welds. To reduce the internal stresses
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Normalizing
Process is used by rolling mills, forging/foundry shops to hot worked parts/casting for grain size /alloy uniform distribution Structure after normalizing is fine pearlite. Better surface finish & better mechanical properties Hardness & strength more than the Annealed steel. Improved machinability of hypo-eutectoid steels. Economical process than annealing
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Normalizing / Annealing
Figure - Schematic summary of the simple heat treatments for (a) hypoeutectoid steels and (b) hypereutectoid steels.
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2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
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Figure - The effect of carbon and heat treatment on the properties of plain-carbon steels.
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Spheroidizing
Prolong heating between 650-700oC (i.e., just below A1 line) for 12 hrs, No phase change, but due to surface energy (surface tension) effects, the cementite layers of
Spheroidite
If tempered for a long time, Fe3C forms spheres and grows inside Ferrite. Very soft, easy to machine
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Hardening
A process in which steel is heated to the austenitizing temperature and quenched (rapidly cooled) in water, oil or molten salt baths to form hard martensite. Steels with enough Carbon and alloy content will direct harden.
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Hardening
Purpose can be to increase :
Wear resistance (as required by tools) Strength (Y.S., toughness required for springs) Physical properties (eg., coefficient of thermal
expansion & magnetic properties)
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Hardening
The hardening process is based on the decomposition of eutectoid. This reaction is dependent upon the following factors:
Adequate Carbon contents to produce hardening Austenite decomposition to produce pearlite, bainite & martensite structures Heating rate & time Quenching medium Quenching rate
Hardening Process
(Heating & Quenching)
Heating the steel above upper critical temperature and then cooling in water or in oil (very fast cooling).
After quenching, steel is very hard and brittle and practically of no use.
Structure after quenching is fine martensite which is complex, hard and brittle structure. The rate of quenching depends on the fluid media used and the degree of agitation. Water quenches are the most severe, followed by oil, molten salt, and gas quenching.
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Figure - Formation of quench cracks caused by residual stresses produced during quenching. The figure illustrates the development of stresses as the austenite transforms 1/23/2013 31 to martensite during cooling.
high temperature heat treatment in air (in industry, steel is usually heat
treated under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to prevent decarburization). Grind this decarburized layer away before taking your hardness measurement to get a representative value. 1/23/2013
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Hardening methods
Quenching in single medium, water
Most extensively used Disadvantage:- cooling rate very high, cracks, distortion & other defects may occur
In order to avoid these defects other hardening methods are: Quenching in two methods First quench to 300-400 C & then transfer to less intensive quenching medium (air or oil). The purpose is to reduce internal stresses associated with austenite to martensite transformation Applied to Carbon steel tools, e.g., taps, dies, milling cutters etc to avoid cracking / warping
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Hardening methods
Hardening with self tempering
Article is held in quenching medium until it is completely cooled, but is withdrawn to retain a certain amount of heat in core which accounts for tempering, Applied for chisels, hammers, centre punches & other tools that required high surface hardness in conjunction with tough core
Tempering process
Reheat the quenched steel up to intermediate temperature (below lower critical temperature) and then cool. The structure is called tempered martensite. After tempering, steel becomes tough and looses some hardness & become useable now.
Martensite needs to be tempered to get better ductility. This happens when Fe3C is allowed to precipitate from the supercooled Martensite.
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TEMPERING
If we reheat martensite above the martensite transformation temperature, but below the austenite temperature, it will turn into ferrite plus carbide. However, if the carbide is very finely dispersed, this material will have properties similar to martensite almost as hard and strong, but more ductile. Heating to slightly above the martensite temperature accomplishes this fine dispersion. This type of heat treatment is called tempering.
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Figure - The effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties of a 1050 steel.
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Spheroidite
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Austenite
Slow Cooling Moderate cooling (AS) Isothermal treatment (PCS)
Rapid Quench
Martensite
Re-heat
Re-heat
Tempered Martensite
coarse
fine
Pearlite
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Bainite
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Normalizing
Medium
Quenching
High
High
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
High
Ductility
High
Medium
Low
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What is Hardenability?
The hardenability of a metal is its capability to be hardened by heat treatment.
Alloyed steels (Cr, Mo, Ni, etc.) have higher hardenbility at same
cooling rates than carbon steels
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Jominy Test
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Jominy Test
Generally, the faster steel cools, the harder it will be. The Jominy bar measures the hardenbility of a steel.
Softest
Hardest
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Jominy Test
Figure - The set-up for the Jominy test used for 1/23/2013 52 determining the hardenability of a steel.
Jominy Test
To test the hardenability of a ferrous alloy, a Jominy test is used. A round metal bar of standard size is transformed to 100% austenite through heat treatment. It is then quenched on one end with room temperature water. As a result, the cooling rates throughout the material will vary significantly, being highest at the end being quenched. The hardenability is then found by measuring the hardness throughout the bar. The farther away from the quenched end that the hardness exists, the higher the hardenability. 1/23/2013
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Design modification
Fig. (a) Shape containing nonuniform sections & a sharp interior corner that may crack during quenching. This is improved by using a large radius 1/23/2013 54 to join the section. (b) Original design containing sharp corner holes.
Quenching Media
The fluid used for quenching the heated alloy affects the hardenability.
Each fluid has its own thermal properties
Thermal conductivity Specific heat
Heat of vaporization
Quenching Media
Cooling capacities of typical quench media are
Agitated brine Still water Still oil Cold gas Still air 5. 1. 0.3 0.1 0.02
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Slow Cooling
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Medium Cooling
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Fast Cooling
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Spring Aging
A wound spring can lose its spring tension due to anelastic behavior, which causes the spring to unwind or change its shape over time. To avoid this springs are placed in an oven at 315 - 375 C for
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Steam treating
Steam treating is the controlled oxidation of metals to produce a thin layer of oxide on the surface of a component. This process can be used to provide a component with increased corrosion resistance, better wear resistance, increased surface hardness, an attractive surface finish (producing a blue-gray to a blue-black appearance) and, in the case of porous materials such as powder metal, seal the part porosity and increase the density.
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Cryogenic Treatment
Deep Cryogenic Treatment is an extended process that very gradually "freezes" or removes heat from the items being treated. Typically, the parts are brought down to 300 degrees below zero (F) in a very slow ramp and then held at that temperature for an extended dwell (24 hours), before being returned to ambient temperature. The last step is a post temper to +300/ +350 degrees F. The entire process takes 48 to 72 hours.
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Cont..
Cryogenic Treatment
Time and temperature promote additional metallurgical transformations to relieve residual stresses, normalize and stabilize metal, increase resistance to wear, and create a modified and uniform grain (or crystal) structure. The benefits of this process are increased part life, less wear, and improved performance. The most popular applications in motor sports include:
Brake Rotors & Brake Pads, Engine & Drive Train Components Spark Plugs, Rear Ends, Transmissions, Bearings
Other Automotive Applications: Blocks, Heads, Rotating Components, Valve Train (incl. Valves), Gears (incl. Transmission), Differential Components, Brake Drums, Discs, Calipers, Pads, Axles, etc.
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Thanks
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Hardenability
A steels hardenability is its ability to transform from austenite to
martensite to a certain depth below the surface. A steel having a high hardenability will form martensite deep under
the surface even though its cooling is relatively slow, such as an air
cool or a furnace cool. High hardenability: high hardness extending well below the
rates; hardened material may only form a thin skin on the part 67
TTT Diagrams
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Pearlite Formation
Austenite precipitates Fe3C at Eutectoid
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Morphology of Pearlite
(a) (b)
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