Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
My Theory States: 1. All Elements are made up off tiny particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of a given element are alike 3. Atoms of different elements are different 4. Chemical changes take place when atoms link up with or separate from one another 5. Atoms are not created or destroyed by chemical change
Sir Joseph John Thomson, who had discovered (1897) the electron, and came up with a model of the atom known as the plum-pudding model.
Nucleus N NP P N N P P P NP N
Shell 1 Shell 2
Protons are positively charged; electrons are negatively charged; neutrons have o electrical charge. Atoms have no overall charge because the number of protons = number of electrons.
Summary
All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. The charges of protons and electrons are equal and opposite.
Solid
Metal Liquid
Element Non-Metal
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Oxygen
Atoms of an element
Year 9 Science 2013
Molecules of an element
Molecules of a compound
Gold
Iron Copper
Sodium Silver
Year 9 Science 2013
Tin Magnesium
Sulfur
Carbon Oxygen
Neon
Phosphorus
Year 9 Science 2013
Each different type of element has a different number of protons in its atoms
Each element is named and has a specific symbol. Elements consist of only one type of atom. Each element can be represented by a chemical symbol.
Understand there is a correct way of writing element symbols. >Most symbols are one or two letters, formed from the name of the element. e.g. Hydrogen H, or Helium He. >The first letter of the symbol is always a capital letter. Any other letters are lower case. e.g. Helium is He not HE >If the symbols are not based on a elements English name then it is most likely to be based on its Latin name, the original language of Science.
Year 9 Science 2013
Understand that elements are arranged on the periodic table according to their atomic number.
Each element has an atomic number which tells us how many protons are contained inside each atoms nucleus. This number of protons is matched by an equal number of electrons which move around the nucleus. The periodic table starts with Hydrogen (H) Atomic number 1 and ends with elements that have over 100 protons such as Copernicium (Cn) Atomic number 112.
Understand the more protons an atom has the further down the table it is.
Learn that Groups of elements on the periodic table have common physical and chemical properties Elements that are in the same group show similar types of chemical and physical properties. Their atoms chemically react the same way because their electrons in the outside shell in the atoms are arranged the same way. Group 1 Metals
The elements in a group also have similar physical properties because of the way the atoms join together and are arranged.
Year 9 Science 2013
Group 17 Non-Metals
Groups are numbered vertical columns and periods are horizontal rows
The columns (downwards) of a periodic table are called groups. The rows (across) of a periodic table are called periods.
Elements in the same group all have the same number of electrons in their outer (or valence) shells.
Year 9 Science 2013
Elements in the same period all have the same number of shells of electrons in their atoms
Metals are placed on the left hand side and non-metals are placed on the right hand side of the periodic table
Elements can be classified as metals or non-metals. A few elements are called semi-metals or metaloids (e.g. boron and silicon), because they show some, but not all, of the properties of metals.
The groups of metals and non-metals have specific defining physical properties
Group Metals Physical properties >Lustre (shiny) >good conductor >High density >High melting point >Malleable (can shape into sheets) >Ductile (can shape into wires) >Solids >Can be shiny or dull >Ductile and malleable >Conduct heat and energy better than Non Metals but not as good as metals >No lustre >Poor conductor >Brittle >Low density
Semi-Metals
Non-Metals
23
Matter exists in different states solid, liquid and gases Gases, liquids and solids can be made up of atoms, molecules, and/or ions, but the behaviours of these particles differ in the three states.
Solids remain in a fixed shape the particles vibrate but remain tightly bonded to each other. Liquids take the shape of the container the particles can move past each other but are still bonded. Gases fill any container they are in the particles move fast and are not bonded to each other
Year 9 Science 2013
condensation
Gas
evaporating sublimation deposition
Freezing
Liquid
Melting If energy is absorbed or released the particles which make up the matter can change state. A change of state is a physical reaction and it is reversible.
Solid
Year 9 Science 2013
Particles are arranged and move differently in solids, liquids and gases
particles can move past one another compressible lots of free space between particles little free space between particles flows easily flows easily particles can move past one another
Year 9 Science 2013
Particles are arranged and move differently in solids, liquids and gases
Solid particles are packed closely and only vibrate in a fixed position. Liquid particles are also packed closely but the particles move around more. Gas particles have a lot of space between them and move around quickly.
Gas
Liquid
Solid
27
Particles are arranged and move differently in solids, liquids and gases
The movement of particles in any state is determined by three factors: How strong the bonds are between the particles, how much energy (kinetic) the particles contain and the mass of the particles.
Particles move faster when: they have less mass, have weaker bonds between particles and have more energy. Particles move slower when: they have more mass, have stronger bonds between particles and have less energy.
Year 9 Science 2013