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LP3 1

Unlike ordinary diodes they are used in the breakdown region



Zener diodes are used to get reasonably regulated dc voltage when
the input voltage and load resistance vary

This is achieved by passing controlled current through the zener
diode in the breakdown region

The nominal breakdown voltage V
Z
is specified as the zener
voltage (example 4.7 V zener, 8.2 V zener)

Symbol looks like


Zener Diodes
LP3 2
Example1 on Zener Diode Voltage
Regulator
V
SS
= 24V
R = 1.2 kO
R
L
= 6 kO;
1.2 kO

Find I
S
and
v
L
using the
zener
characteristics
LP3 3
Thevenin voltage
Example1 on Zener Diode Voltage
Regulator(contd..)
V 12 ; V 20
R R
R
V V
L
L
ss T
=
+
=
Compute the Thevenin equivalent of the previous circuit
with the zener diode as the load
Thevenin Resistance
6 . 0 ; 1
R R
RR
R
L
L
T
=
+
=
kO
We can then write V
T
+R
T
i
D
+v
D
= 0 and find out
v
D,
, i
D
using the zener diode characteristics
v
L
= v
D
and I
S
= v
L
/R
L
+ i
D

LP3 4
Load Line :
v
D
= -V
T
-R
T
i
D

Example1 on Zener Diode Voltage
Regulator(contd..)
LP3 5
Answer to Example1 on Zener Diode
Voltage Regulator
v
L
= 10V

I
S
= v
L
/R
L
+ i
D
= 10/6 +10 mA = 11.67mA
v
L
= 9.5 V

I
S
= v
L
/R
L
+ i
D
= 9.5/1.2 +5 mA = 12.92mA
Note that load resistance change has caused the output
voltage to change by 0.5V due to non-ideal reverse
characteristics of the zener diode
LP3 6
Example 2 on Zener Diode Voltage
Regulator (ideal-characteristics)
Find v
0
for i
L
= i) 0 ii) 30 iii) 80 mA
LP3 7
Example 2 on Zener Diode Voltage
Regulator
The characteristics shown for the zener diode is the ideal
characteristics- one without any zener bulk resistance. Hence
the zener will be able to provide ideally regulated voltage
unless the load current demand exceeds (15- v
0
)/100 = 50 mA.

When i
L
s 50 mA the zener absorbs the differential (excess)
current to maintain the load voltage at 10 volts.

When i
L
> 50 mA the zener loses its regulating capacity(since it
cannot generate current!) and the output voltage starts drooping.
Then v
0
= 15-100 i
L.
LP3 8
Answer to Example 2 on Zener Diode
Voltage Regulator
i) 10V, ii) 10V, iii) 7 V
Another question
What is the maximum possible value i
L
? What is the load
resistance under this condition?

LP3 9
Wave-shaping Circuits
Necessary to shape waveforms
Many examples can be found in transmitters and receivers in TV or
radar or equipment control and protection circuits
Uses diodes and zener diodes for clipping and clamping (shaping)
input
LP3 10
A Clipper Circuit (Assume ideal diode)
LP3 11
A Clipper Circuit (Practical
Implementation)
LP3 12
A Clamp (adds dc offset to ac) Circuit
Assumption:
RC>> (2t)/e

LP3 13
In the positive half cycle C gets charged through D to 10V (peak of
sinewave + 5 V) with the straight plate of C at a higher potential. D
Clips the output to a maximum of -5V.

In the negative half cycle D is reverse biased. The output can reach
a minimum of 15V (-V
C
+ negative peak of sinewave).
How Does A Clamp Circuit Work?
LP3 14
Application of Clamp Circuit A
Voltage-Doubler
Assumption:
R1C1 or R1C2>> (2t)/e

LP3 15
In the negative half cycle C1 gets charged through D2 to peak of
sinewave (say V
m
) with the right plate of C1at a higher potential.
D1is reverse biased since D2 conducts.

In the positive half cycle D1 is conducting and D2 is reverse biased.
Thus C2 gets charged to the maximum of V
m
+ V
m
sin(et) or 2V
m
with the top plate of C2 at a higher potential

How does a Voltage-Doubler works
LP3 16
SPICE simulation of Voltage
Doubler Circuit
LP3 17
Other types of Diodes
LED (Light Emitting Diodes)

They emit light when forward biased. Typical forward voltage
drop for these diodes are 1.5 - 2.5V for currents between 10 20
mA.
Application areas: Instrument/Equipment panel indicators, Seven
Segment Displays.
Photo Diodes

Get forward biased when light falls on them.
Application areas: Optocouplers for electrical isolation.
Schottky diodes, Ultrfast recovery diodes

Application areas:Power Electronics
LP3 18
Shockley Equation
An equation named after the inventor of Transistor
Describes approximately the Diode curves like the one shown
below
Is an important equation to be used in Transistor Analysis

LP3 19
Shockley Equation(2)
Shockley equation:
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
nV
v
exp I i
T
D
S D
q
kT
V
T
=
Where I
S
is the saturation current,V
T
is the thermal voltage,n is the
emission coefficient that takes values between 1 and 2, k is Boltzmanns
constant ( k = 1.38*10
-23
J/K) ,q is the magnitude of electrical charge
on an electron (k = 1.60*10
-19
J/K), T is p-n junction temperature in
degree Kelvin.
For example, at T =300
0
K, I
S
= 10
-14
A, V
T
~ 0.026 V
LP3 20
Plus and minuses of Shockley Equation(2)
Fairly accurate with diode near the forward biased region

Not a good predictor of I
S
which happens to much larger in
magnitude

Does not predict reverse breakdown

Usually simpler models for diodes are useful

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