NETWORKING

WHAT IS NETWORKING?
Computer network is a connection between two or

more computers over a common transmission medium, which shares the resources such as printer, scanner, etc. connected to such computers. Transmission medium is used to transmit the data or message across the individual computers. The goal of the computer networking is not only to exchange data, but also to understand and use the data received from other entities in the network.

IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING
a) Resource sharing.
b) High reliability. c) Distribution of workload. d) Saving money. e) Expandability. f) Protecting information. g) Communication.

ROLE OF COMPUTER IN NETWORKING

CLIENT: Client is a computer that reads the

information from the server. It shares the resources of the other computers but does not allow sharing its resources. SERVER: Server is the computer, which offers information to be read. It does not share resources of other computers but allows other computer to share its resources. PEER: Peer is the computer, which not only shares resources of other computer but also allows to share its resources. The peer can work as a client as well as server as per its requirement of the network.

TYPES OF NETWORKS:
LAN(LOCAL AREA NETWORK): It is a privately owned network within a building or a campus spread over a few kilometers in area. Its speed is 10mbps to 100mbps(mega bits per second). 2) MAN(METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK): It covers an area of 5 and 50 kms. It covers an area similar to size of a city. It allows high speed resource sharing of regional resources over the network. 3) WAN(WIDE AREA NETWORK): Such network is spread over a wide geographical area like country or continent. It is a collection of multiple LANs. Generally, WAN uses highspeed telephone lines or wireless technologies e.g. satellites. Machines are connected using gateways, routers,etc.
1)

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
COMP 1 COMP 2 COMP 5 COMP 2 SERVER OR HUB COMP 3 COMP 4 COMP 3 PRINTE R COMP 1 COMP 4

RING TOPOLOGY

STAR TOPOLOGY

COMP1

COMP3

COMP4

COMP2

PRINTER

COMP5

BUS TOPOLOGY

HYBRID TOPOLOGY

STAR-RING TOPOLOGY

TYPES OF CABLES
TYPES OF

CABLES

TWISTED

PAIR

COAXIAL

OPTICAL

FIBER

1)TWISTED PAIR: A twisted pair consist of two copper wires about 1mm thick, twisted around each other covered to reduce electrical interference(crosstalk). Normally number of such pair are bundled together and coated under a protective sheath. Types of twisted pair: Shielded twisted pair and unshielded twisted pair. Features : 1.It is used to transmit both analog and digital communication 2.It has low bandwidth and data rate. 3.It has electromagnetic interference and noise

2)COAXIAL CABLE: A coaxial cable consist of stiff copper wire surrounded by insulating material. The insulator is coated under a cylindrical conductor, which is surrounded by copper mesh. The whole structure is covered under protective plastic sheath. Two types of coaxial cables are used: Base band-for digital transmission Broad band-for analog transmission Features: 1.Used for both analog and digital transmission. 2.It has high bandwidth and data rate up to 10mbps. 3. Due to its protective sheath it does not have electromagnetic interference and noise

Coaxial cable
Plastic sheath
Copper mesh Copper wire

3)OPTICAL FIBERS: optical fibers is a thin flexible fiber made up of glass or fused silica. It has cylindrical shape and it has three sections as core, cladding and the jacket or sleeve, which protects the core, and cladding from moisture and other things. It have two types single mode and multimode. Single mode fibers allow the light to travel in straight line where multimode fiber allows light to incident at any angle and use multiple light paths.
Glass cladding
Plastic sheath Or jacket

Glass core

WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless network use unbounded media. In wireless communication electromagnetic wave is transmitted without any physical conductor. The signals are transmitted through airwaves that are radio waves, microwaves & infrared.

WIRELESS NETWORKS

RADIO WAVES

MICROWAVES

INFRARED WAVES

RADIO WAVES
Radio waves are easy to generate and they can travel longer distance. Hence, the radio waves are widely used in the communication. Radio waves are in the frequency range of 3 KHz to 1 GHz. Radio waves a travel in all directions hence called as an Omni directional and can easily penetrate through obstacles. Types: AM(AMPLITUDE MODULATION) & FM(FREQUENCY MODULATION)

MICROWAVES
Microwaves are in the frequency range of about 2GHz to 4GHz hence the microwaves are generally used in long distance communication and satellite communication. Generally there two types of microwave communication: Terrestrial microwave communication: Using parabolic antennae Satellite communication: Use of geo-synchronous satellite.

INFRARED
In infrared data is transmitted using LED(light emitting diode ) and it is detected using photodiode. It is not useful n LAN system it is usually used in cell phones, laptops, digital cameras for night vision. It does not penetrate obstacles.

ETHERNET
In 1973 Xerox built a 2.94 Mbps LAN system to connect over 100 computers on a 1 Km cable. This system was called as Ethernet as luminiferous ether was used to support the transmission of electromagnetic waves through vacuum. IEEE(INSTITUTION OF ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS) has developed several standards for LAN called 802 standards, Ethernet is one of these standards usually referred as IEEE802.3 standard.

NETWORK HARDWARE
1.

HUB: It is central computer generally used in star topology. Data is passed to nodes through hub.
TYPES OF HUBS

PASSIVE

ACTIVE

INTELLIGENT

2.BRIDGES: A bridge is a device, which used to connect two similar networks. It can also be used to connect two same networks with different protocols. 3.SWITCHES: Switch is an intelligent hub, which is having routing capabilities. The switch can read the address of the destination node from the message and forward the data. It can route the data over a multiple path. 4. ROUTERS: A router is a device, which is basically used to connect two networks with different medium or protocols. It consist of hardware as well as software.

THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY,
GROUP NO:12 AMISH KOKATE UTSAV JAIN GUNJAN SINGHVI VIRAL JAIN NEEL PASAD KARISHMA GROVER CHIRAG SOLANKI