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The Cell
Cells:
structural and functional units of all living organisms. building blocks of the human body. adult human body contains ~ 75 trillion cells. ~200 cell types in humans subcategories of most
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Fuel molecules, O2, building blocks, minerals,etc Urea (from nitrogen), CO2, metabolic waste Size and shape are related to function Mitosis: growth and repair Meiosis: gamete formation
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Cell division:
Study of Cells
Individual cells observable by light microscopy Subcellular structures observable by electron microscopy.
TEM SEM
RBC: 7-8um
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Cells
Parts of a cell
Cytosol Organelles
Inclusions
Nucleus
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the outer, limiting barrier separates the internal contents of the cell from external materials.
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Cytoplasm
general term for all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
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Nucleus
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Lipids
Phospholipids
Cholesterol Glycolipids
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Protein
Integral membrane proteins Peripheral membrane proteins Some serve as enzymes, ion channels or receptors Glycoproteins
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Transport Mechanisms
Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Solution= solvent (H2O)+ solute
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Passive Transport
[Hi] to [Low]
Simple Diffusion: solutes Facilitated Diffusion: solutes Bulk Filtration: solution Osmosis: solvent
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Facilitated Diffusion
Requires the participation of specific transport proteins that help specific substances or molecules move across the plasma membrane. Carrier-mediated
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Bulk Filtration
Involves the diffusion of both solvents and solutes together across the selectively permeable membrane. Pressure gradients
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Osmosis
Involves the diffusion of a solvent (H2O), across a selectively permeable membrane. Can cause a volume change
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Active Transport
Movement of a substance across a plasma membrane against a concentration gradient. Materials must be moved from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. requires cellular energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) uses transport proteins (carrier-mediated) ATP is continually synthesized by mitochondria
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Ion Pumps
Active transport processes that move ions across the membrane are called ion pumps.
ion pumps allow a cell to maintain its internal concentrations of small molecules or ions
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Used by cells that secrete Usually movement of large molecules Movement out of the cell.
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process by which the cell acquires materials from the extracellular fluid: (3 Forms)
Phagocytosis:
Pinocytosis:
Cell forms pseudopodia engulfs a particle internalize it into a vacuole incorporation of droplets of extracellular fluid (solution) Taken into the cell in small vesicles receptors in the cell membrane Bind with specific molecules Invagination forms around them to create a cytoplasmic vesicle
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
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Cytoplasm: cytosol
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Cytoplasm: Organelles
Complex, organized structures Have unique, characteristic shapes. Each type performs a different function for the cell. Are essential for normal cellular structure and activities.
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Membranous Organelles
Include:
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes Make protein for export Peroxisomes made here Lipids and carbohydrates Detoxification
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Membranous Organelles
Peroxisomes
Vesicles formed from RER Use oxygen to detoxify Mediated by specific enzymes Most abundant in liver
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Membranous Organelles
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, stores and sorts material from RER Receiving region (cis-face) Shipping region (trans-face) Autophagy: removal of old organelles Autolysis: destruction of the cell
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Produces Lysosomes
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles with a double membrane. Produce large amounts of ATP. Are called the powerhouses of the cell.
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Non-Membranous Organelles
Centrosome
Ribosomes
Protein RNA
Site of protein synthesis. Each ribosome has a small and a large subunit.
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The Cytoskeleton
Made of filamentous proteins Helps give the cell its shape Coordinates cellular movements. Three categories:
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Non-membranous Organelles
Centrosome
Area close to the nucleus Organization site for microtubules In the centrosome Perpendicular to each other 9 sets of microtubule triplets Important in cell division (spindle)
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Microvilli:
short, cytoplasmic extensions For absorption usually occur in large numbers work together to move materials or fluids along the surface of a cell.
Cilia:
Flagella:
longer than cilia, and usually occur as single appendages. Move the cell
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The Nucleus
Control center of cellular activities. Usually, it is the largest structure within the cell Appears as a single spherical or oval structure.
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The Nucleus
Enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope:
controls the entry and exit of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
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Nucleolus
are responsible for making the small and the large subunits of ribosomes.
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DNA is a polymer of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base) Is a double helix. Chromatin:
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Chromosome
The chromosome is the most organized level of genetic material. Each chromosome contains a single, long molecule of DNA and associated proteins. Chromosomes become visible only when the cell is dividing.
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The life cycle of the cell is called the cell cycle. New cells must be made continuously in order for an organism to grow and replace its damaged cells.
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There are two types of cell division. Mitosis: is the cell division process that takes place in somatic cells. Meiosis: is the cell division process that takes place in gonads to produce gametes.
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Mitosis
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Chromosomes are made up of two threads called chromatids Chromatids are held together by the centromere Centriole pairs separate from one another The mitotic spindle forms
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Prophase (continued)
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Figure 2.21
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Figure 2.21
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Chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil Resume their thread-like extended-chromatin form A new nuclear membrane forms
Cytokinesis completes the division of the cell into two daughter cells
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Figure 2.21
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Tumor
Normal tissue development exhibits a balance between cell division and cell death. If this balance is upset and cells multiply faster than they die, abnormal growth results in a new cell mass that is called a neoplasm, or tumor.
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Cancer
Benign neoplasms usually grow slowly and are confined within a connective tissue capsule. Cells within these tumors dedifferentiatethat is, they revert to a less specialized state, and cause an increase in their own vascular supply to support their growth. These tumors are usually not lethal, but they have the potential to become life-threatening if they compress brain tissue, nerves, blood vessels, or airways.
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Cancer
Cancer is the general term used to describe a group of diseases characterized by various types of malignant neoplasms.
unencapsulated contain cells that dedifferentiate increase their vascular supply grow rapidly spread easily to other organs by way of the blood or lymph (metastasis)
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Cancer
they divide too frequently and grow out of control cancer cells lose contact inhibition
they overgrow one another and lack the ability to stop growing and dividing when they crowd other cells
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Cancer Cells
Exhibit dedifferentiation and revert to an earlier, less specialized developmental state. Produce chemicals that cause local blood vessel formation resulting in increased blood vessels in the developing tumor (angiogenesis). Have the ability to squeeze into any space (invasiveness) permitting them to leave their place of origin and travel elsewhere in the body. Acquire the ability to metastasizethat is, spread to other organs in the body.
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