INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION

Introduction of Ventilation

PURPOSE OF VENTILATION

Definition
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Ventilation is defined as the process of supplying air to, or removing air from, any space by natural or mechanical means.

Defining
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Ventilation is the mechanical system in a building that brings in "fresh" outdoor air and removes the "contaminated" indoor air. In a workplace, ventilation is used to control exposure to airborne contaminants. It is commonly used to remove contaminants such as fumes, dusts, and vapors, in order to provide a healthy and safe working environment. Ventilation can be accomplished by:Natural Means (E.G., Opening A Window) Or Mechanical Means (e.g., fans or blowers).

Industrial Ventilation systems are designed to move a specific amount of air at a specific speed (velocity), which results in the removal (or "exhaust") of undesirable contaminants. While all ventilation systems follow the same basic principles, each system is designed specifically to match to the type of work and the rate of contaminant release at that workplace.

Industrial Ventilation at different angles!

engineers view: The design and application of equipment for providing the necessary conditions for maintaining the efficiency, health and safety of the workers Industrial hygienists view: The control of emissions and the control of exposures Mechanical engineers view: The control of the environment with air flow. This can be achieved by replacement of contaminated air with clean air
Environmental

Purpose of Industrial Ventilation

To maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work
area. To control hazardous concentrations of toxic materials in the air. To remove any undesirable odors from a given area. To control temperature and humidity. To remove undesirable contaminants at their source before they enter the work place air.

Purpose can also be referred as : To

create a comfortable environment in the plant - i.e. The HVAC system To replace air exhausted from the plant - i.e. The replacement system

Why have an industrial ventilation system?

Ventilation is considered an "engineering control" to remove or control contaminants released in indoor work environments. It is one of the preferred ways to control employee exposure to air contaminants. Other ways to control contaminants include: eliminate the use of the hazardous chemical or material, substitute with less toxic chemicals, process change, or work practice change.

VENTILATION..??
Industrial

ventilation Generally involves the use of supply and exhaust ventilation to control emissions, exposures, and chemical hazards in the workplace
Non-industrial

ventilation systems Commonly known as heating, ventilating and airconditioning (HVAC) systems Traditionally were built to control temperature, humidity, and odors

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Application Of Industrial Ventilation Systems

Optimization

of energy costs. Reduction of occupational health disease claims. Control of contaminants to acceptable levels. Control of heat and humidity for comfort. Prevention of fires and explosions.

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Types of Ventilation
Natural General Dilution LEV
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There are two types of mechanical ventilation systems used in industrial settings: Dilution (or general) ventilation reduces the concentration of the contaminant by mixing the contaminated air with clean, uncontaminated air. Local exhaust ventilation captures contaminates at or very near the source and exhausts them outside.

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Natural Ventilation
Natural movement of air entering and leaving openings such as windows, doors, roof ventilators as well as through cracks and crevices of a building Heated air rises, cool air below this creates flow of air in any Natural ventilation system Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of fans or other mechanical systems. It can be achieved with openable windows or trickle vents when the spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture permits. In more complex systems warm air in the building can be allowed to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect) thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the building naturally through openings in the lower areas. These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants' comfort. In warm or humid months in many climates maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation may not be possible so conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups. Air-side economizers perform the same function as natural ventilation, but use mechanical systems' fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate. 14

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VENTILATION

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Introduction
Purposes of ventilation: Maintaining human comfort and health are two key reasons for providing ventilation in work environment\buildings. To achieve these purposes, a ventilation system should be able to meet the following criteria: Provide sufficient supply of air/oxygen for the physiological needs of human beings (a minimum of 0.2 l/s/person is required for breathing purpose) and/or livestock; Provide sufficient supply of air/oxygen for industrial, agricultural and other processes (for example, provision of oxygen for burning and combustion processes); Remove the products of respiration and bodily odour (including those from smoking) of human and/or animal occupants; Remove contaminants or harmful chemicals generated by processes or from building materials; remove heat generated by people, lighting and equipment inside the occupied space; Create some degree of air movement which is essential for feelings of freshness and comfort (usually a velocity of 0.1 to 0.3 m/s is required).
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MAKE-UP AIR
- Fresh air supplied into the breathing zone of the associate.

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Exhaust Systems
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Purpose

An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and airborne contaminants from the work place air The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at its source itself

Types of Exhaust Systems

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General Exhaust System Local Exhaust System

Process exhaust:- exhausts major process off-gasses, such as the hot process gas from a furnace. Local exhaust is dedicated to employee protection.

General Exhaust Systems

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Used for heat control in an area by introducing large quantities of air in the area. The air may be tempered and recycled. Used for removal of contaminants generated in an area by mixing enough outdoor air with the contaminant so that the average concentration is reduced to a safe level.

Local Exhaust Systems(LES)

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The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove the contaminant as it is generated at the source itself. Advantages: More effective as compared to a general exhaust system. The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating costs compared to the high flow rate required for a general exhaust system. The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air cleaning equipment.

Local Exhaust Systems(LES)

Components: local exhaust system has six basic elements (see figure) 1. A "HOOD" or opening that captures the contaminant at the source. 2. DUCTS that transport the airborne chemicals through the system. 3. An AIR CLEANING DEVICE that removes the contaminant from the moving air in the system (not always required). 4. FANS that move the air through the system and discharges the exhaust air outdoors. 5. An EXHAUST STACK through which the contaminated air is discharged. 6. Make-up air that replaces the exhausted air.
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What is the difference between Exhaust and Supply systems?

An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and air borne contaminants from the work place, whereas, the Supply system adds air to work room to dilute contaminants in the work place so as to lower the contaminant concentrations.

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Pressure In A Ventilation System

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Air movement in the ventilation system is a result of differences in pressure. In a supply system, the pressure created by the system is in addition to the atmospheric pressure in the work place. In an exhaust system, the objective is to lower the pressure in the system below the atmospheric pressure.

Types of Pressures in Ventilation Systems

Three types of pressures are of importance in ventilation work. They are: Static pressure Velocity pressure Total pressure

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Basic Definitions
It can be defined as the mass per unit volume of air, (lbm/ft3 or kg/cu.m. ). at standard atmosphere (p=14.7 psfa or 760mm of Hg ), room temperature (70 F or 21 C) and zero water content.
The value of =0.075 lbm/ft3 or 1.20kg/cu.m.

Example Calculate using chart

IU example Calculate density of Air at T =150 o F and 5,000 feet altitude Solution from chart d=0.72 therefore density at STP*d 0.075lbs/cu.t * 0.72 = 0.054 lbs/cu.ftr SI unit example Calculate density of air at temp of 35 Celsius and 1.00km altitude? Solution:- STP Density of air =1.20kg/cu.m *d solution is 1.20 *0.85 from table =1.02 kg/cu.m.

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Why is air considered incompressible in Industrial Ventilation design problems?

The differences in pressure that exist within the ventilation system itself are small when compared to the atmospheric pressure in the room. Because of the small differences in pressure, air can be assumed to be incompressible.

Since 1 lb/in2 = 27 inches of water, 1 inch = 0.036 lbs pressure or 0.24% of standard atmospheric pressure. Thus the potential error introduced due to this assumption is also negligible.
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Basic Definitions
Pressure
It is defined as the force per unit area. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 29.92 inches of mercury or 760 mm of mercury or 14.7 lb/sq.inch.

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Pressure Relationships

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Static Pressure
It is defined as the pressure in the duct that tends to burst or collapse the duct and is expressed in inches of water gauge (wg).

SP acts equally in all directions

SP can be negative or positive

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Static Pressure
Flow

SP

Static pressure (SP) is exerted in all directions.

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Static pressure can be positive or negative.

Positive static pressure results in the tendency of the air to expand. Negative static pressure results in the tendency of the air to contract. For example, take a common soda straw, and put it in your mouth. Close one end with your finger and blow very hard. You have created a positive static pressure. However, as soon as you remove your finger from the end of the straw, the air begins to move outward away from the straw. The static pressure has been transformed into velocity pressure, which is positive.

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Velocity Pressure
It is defined as that pressure required to accelerate air from rest to some velocity (V) and is proportional to the kinetic energy of the air stream. VP acts in the direction of flow and is measured in the direction of flow. VP represents kinetic energy within a system. VP is always positive.

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Velocity Pressure
Flow

SP

VP

Velocity Pressure (VP) is kinetic (moving pressure) resulting from air flow.
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Velocity Pressure
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) (in 2 different units)

VP = (V/4005)2 or V = 4005VP
Where VP = velocity pressure, inches of water gauge (wg)

V = flow velocity, fpm

VP = (V/4.043)2 or V = 4.043VP Where VP = velocity pressure, mm of water gauge (wg) V = flow velocity, mps

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Velocity Pressure
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) considering correction for density VP = (V/4005)2 d or V = 4005VP/d Where VP = velocity pressure, inches of water gauge (wg) V = flow velocity, fpm 530 BP 294 BP d = -------- * ------ (in IU) or ------- * ------- (SI Unit) F + 460 29.92 C + 273 760 F and C temp in Fer or Cel. density correction factor normally used 0.625at 7km and temp 93o C or less than depends on elevation and Temperature of gas (range 1.26 to 0.6250 VP = (V/4.043)2 d or V = 4.043VP/d Where VP = velocity pressure, mm of water gauge (wg) V = flow velocity, mps d = density correction factor (see chart no6 of Burton)

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Example on Velocity calculations

1. The average velocity pressure of an air stream in a duct is 1.00inch w.g.. What is is average velocity V? Assuming that Air is at STP and density correction is 1 : solution of the example :-- V= 4005 (1.0/1.0) 0.5 =4005fpm 1. The central velocity pressure of an air stream measured is 12 mm of mercury. What is its central velocity ? (assuming d=1) Solution of problem V = 4.043VP/d 4.043*(12)/1 = 14 mps Give Exercise here as home work and assignments SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 Velocity Pressure Given: V = 4005 *(VP)/df V = 2200 fpm df = 0.075 lbs./ cu ft = 1 Solve for VP in inches water gauge 2200 fpm = 4005 *(VP)/df .55 = VP .302 w.g. = VP
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Total Pressure
TP = SP + VP It can be defined as the algebraic sum of the static as well as the velocity pressures SP represents the potential energy of a system and VP the kinetic energy of the system, the sum of which gives the total energy of the system TP is measured in the direction of flow and can be positive or negative

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Total Pressure
Flow
SP VP TP

Total pressure (TP) is the algebraic sum of the VP and SP.

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How do you measure the Pressures in a ventilation system?

The manometer, which is a simple graduated Ushaped tube open, at both ends, an inclined manometer or a Pitot tube can be used to measure Static pressure. The impact tube can be used to measure Total pressure. The measurement of Static and Total pressures using manometer and impact tube, will also indirectly result in measurement of the Velocity pressure of the system.

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Basic Definitions
Perfect Gas Equation:

P = RT
Where P = absolute pressure in pounds per square foot absolute (psfa). = gas density in lbm/ft3. R = gas constant for air. T = absolute temperature in degree Rankin. For any dry air situation T = (T)std = std(Tstd/T) = 0.075 (460+70)/T = 0.075 (530/T)
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Basic Definitions
Volumetric Flow Rate The volume or quantity of air that flows through a given location per unit time Q=V*A or V = Q /A or A = Q/V Where Q = volume of flow rate in cfm V = average velocity in fpm A = cross-sectional area in sq.ft

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Volumetric Flow Rate (Q)

The amount of air going through a system at a certain point Given in Cubic Feet Per Minute (CFM)
The amount of air flowing through any point has to be the same
Volume of air has to be the same, but the area and the velocity do not remain the same If you increase the area you decrease the velocity

Q1

Q2

Q3

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Basic Definitions
Velocity
Flow rate of air through duct
V(fpm)
Velocity = 4005 x Square Root of Velocity Pressure V = 4005 VP

Area
Area of duct
A(ft)

Volumetric Flow Rate =Velocity x Area

Q(cfm or ft3/min)=VA
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Example
The cross-sectional area of a duct is 2.75 sq.ft. The velocity of air flowing in the duct is 3600 fpm. What is the volume? Sol:From the given problem A = 2.75 sq. ft. V = 3600 fpm We know that Q = V * A Hence, Q = 3600 * 2.75 = 9900 cfm
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Example
The area of a of a round duct is 2.445sq.ft . The average velocity of air flowing in duct is V= 3500fpm at standard conditions . What is Q?
SOLUTION

Q=V*A Q = 3500fpm * 2.445sq.ft = 8557.5 scfm say 8600 scfm for significant figure

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Example in SI System
The cross-sectional area of a duct is 27500 mm2.The velocity of air flowing in the duct is 10.00 mps. What is the volume?
From the given problem A = 27500 sq. mm. V = 10 mps We know that Q=V*A Hence, Q = 27500 * 10 /104 = 2.75 cumecs
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Basic Definitions
Reynolds number R = DV/ Where = density in lbm/ft3 D = diameter in ft V = velocity in fpm = air viscosity, lbm/s-ft

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Considering Losses now DUCT LOSSES: Friction Losses is due to little complicated and is function of duct velo, duct diam, air density air viscocity and surface ruoghness of duct which combined in to a dimensionless Number R or Rn Reynolds number R = DV/ Where = density in lbm/ft3 D = diameter in ft V = velocity in fpm = air viscosity, lbm/s-ft Moody has prepared a diagram combining all together
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Darcy Weisbach Friction Coefficient Equation

hf = f (L/d)VP Where hf = friction losses in a duct, wg f = friction coefficient (dimensionless) L = duct length, ft d = duct diameter, ft VP = velocity pressure,wg

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Duct Losses
Types of losses in ducts
Friction losses Dynamic or turbulence losses

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Duct Losses
Friction losses Factors effecting friction losses:
Duct velocity Duct diameter Air density Air viscosity Duct surface roughness

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Duct Losses
Dynamic losses or turbulent losses Caused by elbows, openings, bends etc. In the flow way. The turbulence losses at the entry depends on the shape of the openings
Coefficient of entry (Ce) For a perfect hood with no turbulence losses Ce = 1.0 I.E V = 4005ceVP = 4005 VP
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Duct Losses
Turbulence losses are given by the following expression Hl= FN*VP Where FN = decimal fraction

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Fitting Losses
Entry ,elbow, exit and other fittings produce loss in total pressure which is calculated by two methods (1)Velocity pressure method Hl =F VP ; F =coef (2) The equivalent length method

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Multiple Hood Exhaust System It is observed that Four Basic Components of a Local Exhaust Ventilation System (LEV) Hood Duct System Air Cleaning Device Fan This is required as part of topic4 in detail

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Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is based on the principle that the difference in pressure between the air inlet and exhaust air vents in a building allows natural air exchange to take place. The pressure differences arise due to: the buoyancy forces in the building caused by differences in density between the air in the building and the outside air, and the difference in height between the air inlet and exhaust air vents, the air currents in the building. Accordingly, the volume of air flowing through the building depends on the surplus heat in the building caused by the convection heat that is emitted into the room air (internal cooling load), the external cooling load (transmission through insulation), wind speed, wind direction and building geometry. The volume of air can be controlled and maintained within fixed parameters according to this principle.
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Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 in next slide show a simplified natural ventilation scheme. The neutral plane is located where internal and external pressure is equal. Vents are not effective at this point. Above the neutral plane, internal pressure is higher than external pressure, and this is where the exhaust air vents are located. Underneath the neutral plane, external pressure is higher than internal pressure, which is why the fresh air vents are located here. When designing a natural ventilation system, it is necessary to predetermine the height of the neutral plane and ascertain the proportion of pressure difference that is available to overcome flow losses in the air inlet vents and the proportion that will be used by the exhaust air vents. It is always necessary to calculate the position of the neutral plane.

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Natural ventilation devices 1 High-efficiency ventilation: The science and design of curved turbine blades, as well as excellent low resistance bearings, even in the breeze can continue to operate under, and constantly indoor stale air exhaust 2 Reinforcement corrosion-resistant stainless steel body: high-quality 304 stainless steel body, and can withstand a long period of wind and rain, can resist the erosion of corrosive gases indoors, excellent low resistance bearings sealed, durable, eternal lubrication , without the need for maintenance; 3 Simple and quick to install: Due to the unique angle-pipe neck design, the ventilation device can be used in different tilt angles (0 ~ 22.5 ) roof, significantly reducing installation costs;

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Principles of Natural Ventilation

For air to move into and out of a building, a pressure difference between the inside and outside of the building is required. The resistance to flow of air through the building will affect the actual air flow rate. In general, controlled natural ventilation and infiltration are driven by pressure difference across the building envelope. The pressure difference is caused by: 1. wind (or wind effect); 2. difference in air density due to temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air (stack or chimney effect); or 3. combination of both wind and stack effects.
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Guidelines for natural ventilation a natural ventilation system should be effective regardless of wind direction and there must be adequate ventilation even when the wind does not blow from the prevailing direction; inlet and outlet openings should not be obstructed by nearby objects; windows should be located in opposing pressure zones since this usually will increase ventilation rate; a certain vertical distance should be kept between openings for temperature to produce stack effect; openings at the same level and near the ceiling should be avoided since much of the air flow may bypass the occupied zone; architectural elements like wingwalls, parapets and overhangs may be used to promote air flow into the building; topography, landscaping, and surrounding buildings should be used to redirect airflow and give maximum exposure to breezes; in hot, humid climates, air velocities should be maximised in the occupied zones for bodily cooling; to admit wind air flow, the long faade of the building and the door and window openings should be oriented with respect to the prevailing wind direction; if possible, window openings should be accessible to and operable by occupants; vertical shafts and open staircases may be used to increase and generate stack effect; openings in the vicinity of the neutral pressure level may be reduced since they are less effective for thermally induced ventilation; if inlet and outlet openings are of nearly equal areas, a balanced and greater ventilation can be obtained. 66

General or Dilution Ventilation

1. Natural Ventilation

2. Mechanical Ventilation
Preferred if significant health hazards exist

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Dilution Ventilation (DV)

DV consists of general ventilation Uncontaminated outside air + inside air = diluting and reducing the concentration of air contaminants to acceptable levels to which a worker can be safely exposed for eight hours a day

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 Windows : There are many types of windows. Windows sliding vertically, sliding horizontally, tilting, swinging. Doors, monitor openings and skylights. Roof Ventilators (weather proof air outlet). Stacks connecting to registers. Specially designed inlet or outlet openings.

Types of Natural Ventilation Openings

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Natural Ventilation Rules

1. 2. 3. Buildings and ventilating equipment should not usually be oriented for a particular wind direction. Inlet openings should not be obstructed by buildings , trees, signboards, or indoor partitions. Greatest flow per unit area of total opening is equal to inlet and outlet openings of nearly equal areas.

4.

For temperature difference to produce a motive force, there must be vertical distance between openings; vertical distance should be as great as possible.
Openings in the vicinity of the neutral pressure level are least effective for ventilation. Openings with areas much larger than calculated are sometimes desirable(e.g.hot weather,increased occupancy). The openings should be accessible to and operable by occupants.
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5. 6.