Piping Design Fundamentals

Thomas Xavier
Sr Mechanical Engineer
December 12, 2007

Piping Design fundamentals

Introduction Designation of pipe size and thickness

Piping Components
Piping Material Piping Codes and Standards Piping Layout Piping Design bases

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Introduction

Introduction

Piping system are like arteries and veins of our bodies. They carry the life blood of the modern civilization In a modern city they transport water, waste water, crude oil, natural gas, chemicals, gases, vapors, solids from one location to another. Piping includes pipes, flanges, fittings, bolting, gaskets, valves, pipe supports, pipe hangers, and other items necessary to prevent over pressurization and over stressing. Define Piping : ?
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Introduction Definition of Piping :

Pipe sections when joined with fittings, valves, and other mechanical equipment and properly supported by hangers and supports are called piping.

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Designation of Pipe size and thickness

Pipe size

NPS Nominal pipe size, without the inch symbol DN- Diameter nominal Up to size 12 inch the outside diameter is less than the size designator (i.e. 2,3,4,6....). Outside diameter of NPS 14 and larger pipe is the same as the size designator in inches.

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The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by the schedule number
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Pipe wall thickness

Schedule is expressed in numbers (5,5S,10,10S,20,20S,30,30S,40,40S,60,80,80 S,100,120,140,160) The higher the schedule number the thicker the pipe is. The outside diam is standardized and the inside diam will change based on the thickness. The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by the schedule number
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Piping Components

Piping components The term piping refers to the overall network of pipes, fittings, flanges, valves and other components that comprise a conduit system used to convey fluids. Piping components plays a important role in the composition and operation of the system.

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Piping components
Pressure Pipe

Steel and alloy pressure piping available in cast, wrought, seamless and seam welded forms.

Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe is supplied under ASME B36.10M. SS pipe is supplied conforming to ASME B36.19M

Commonly specified pipe materials

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Piping components Pipe fittings

Ductile and cast Iron fittings Cast Iron threaded fittings Malleable Iron Threaded fittings Cast Brass and Cast Bronze threaded fittings Soldered-joint fittings

Cast Iron Flanged Fittings

Cast and Forged Steel and Nickel Alloy Flanged Fittings Forged Steel Threaded and Socket Welding fittings

Wrought Steel Butt welded fittings

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Piping components Cast Steel Flanged fittings

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Piping components

Forged Steel Threaded / Socket welded fittings

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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings

Wrought-steel welding fittings include elbows, tees, crosses, reducers, laterals, lap joint stub ends, caps and saddles. Wrought steel fittings are made to the dimensional requirements of ASME B16.9 and ASME B16.28. Fittings made as per ASME B 16.9 is available in sizes NPS (DN 15) through NPS 48 (DN 1200) and as per ASME B 16.28 are available in sizes NPS to NPS 24.
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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings

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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings

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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings

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Piping components
Strainers

Conical startup strainer Basket strainer

Wye strainer

Air Release Valve

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Air/ Vaccum Release Valve

Combination Valve
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Piping components
Expansion Joint

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Piping components
Flanges

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Piping components
Gaskets

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Piping components
Joining Ductile or Cast Iron Pipe

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Piping components
Joining Ductile or Cast Iron Pipe

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Piping components - Valves

Function

Stopping flow Allowing flow Regulating and controlling flow to fulfill the objectives of the system

Types of valves

Gate valve Globe valve Check valve Ball valve

Plug valve
Butterfly valve Diaphragm valve Pinch valve

Pressure relief valve

Control valve
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Piping components
Valves
Classification of valves based on Mechanical motion

Linear motion valves Gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch and lift check valves

Rotary motion valves - Butterfly, ball, plug, eccentric and swing check valves

Classification based on valve size

Smaller valves NPS 2 (DN 65 and smaller Large valves- NPS 2 (DN 65) and larger

Classification based on Rating

Pressure Temperature Rating Cold Working Pressure (CWP)Rating (29o C to 38oC ) NFPA Rating

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Piping components
Major Valve parts

Body Bonnet or Cover Bonnet or Cover Bolting Disc Valve Trim The removable and replaceable valve Internal parts that come in contact with flow medium

Valve seats, Disc, Glands, Spacers, Guides, Bushings & Internal springs

Non Pressure Retaining parts Valve seats, stem, yoke, packing, gland bolting, bushing, hand wheel, and valve actuators

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Piping components - Valves

Flanged butterfly valve Rising stem Gate Valve NonRising stem Gate Valve

Wafer type butterfly valve

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Piping components - Valves

Flanged end globe valve

Angle globe valve with screwed ends

Needle valve with screwed ends

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Piping components - Valves

Lift Check valve

Flanged Swing check valve

Folding Disc check valve

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Piping components - Valves

Ball valve Needle valve

Diaphragm valve
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Piping components - Valves

Threaded Safety Valve Flanged Safety Valve

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Piping components - Actuators

Function of Actuators

Assist in operating of large valves Assist the operator in operating the valves against high fluid pressure To reduce the time required for operation Valve is required to operated from a remote location When the valve is to attain a position (open or close) in the event of accident

Types of Actuators

Gear Actuators When rim pull exceeds a given value varying between 50lb (22 kgf) to 250 lb (113 kgf) Electric Motor actuators

Pneumatic Actuator
Hydraulic Actuator Solenoid Actuator

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Piping components Control Valve

Defn : They are considered the final control element in an automated and usually very sophisticated control loop. Aside from the control valve, the loop consists of a transmitter, that measures the variables (pressure, flow, level or temperature) and a controller (computer)
Components of a Control Valves

Valve body (reciprocating or rotating stem)

Actuating device (spring diaphragm type) Valve positioner (convert signal to air signal to control position) Airset or regulator (to supply air pressure to the positioner)

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Piping Materials

Piping materials
Factors to be considered for selecting materials

Code Requirements Must be suitable for the flow medium

Must be suitable for meeting the temperature and pressure safely during the design life.
Operating environmental conditions Cost Availability

Carbon and low alloy steel come closest to being the ideal construction material. Due to the fact that the majority of piping application employ iron based metals, these will be only emphasized in this presentation.

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Piping materials
Properties of Metal

Chemical Properties Mechanical Properties Physical Properties Other Properties

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Piping materials
Chemical Properties of metal

Chemical properties are the dictated by the various elemental constituency of the solid. This is usually measured by the relative atomic weight percent of the various elements within the material Steel always contain Carbon, manganese, phosphorous, sulfur and silicon in varying amounts. Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen enter as gases during manufacturing. To make steel nickel, copper, molybdenum, chromium, tin, antimony etc are added. Each of this addition causes a specific effect on the steel.

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Piping materials
Mechanical Properties of metal

Modulus of Elasticity (Youngs Modulus).

Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength Elongation and Reduction of Area Hardness

Toughness
Fatigue resistance Elevated Temperature Tensile and Creep strength

Physical Properties of metal

Density. Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Specific Heat

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Piping Codes and Standards

Piping Codes and Standards

What is the difference between Codes and Standards?

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Piping Codes and Standards

What is the difference between Codes and Standards?

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Piping Codes and Standards

Code

ASME B31: Code for Pressure Piping

ASME B31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, 31.5, 31.8, 31.9 & 31.11

ASME performance test codes NFPA Codes International Plumbing Codes Uniform Plumbing Codes Local authority codes etc.

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Piping Codes and Standards

Standards

American National Standard Institiute (ANSI) American Society for Testiing and Materials (ASTM) American Gas Association American Petroleum Institute (API) American Water Works Association (AWWA) American Welding Society (AWS) Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute American Society of Heating and Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRA) Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE) Instrument Society of America National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publications Indian (IS), British, German (DIN), Japanese (JIS), ISO standards etc.

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Piping Layout

Piping Layout
Piping layout consideration OR Hierarchy of Reference Design Information

System P&ID P&ID implementation and Physicalization Piping specification Equipment Outlines

GA or Equipment layout drawings

Collection of as built drawings Piping layout considerations and planning studies for improved piping economics Interference Piping flexibility Valve location Drain location, Instrument location etc.

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Piping Layout
Example : Piping of centrifugal pump

Piping of centrifugal pumps, particularly the suction piping, can seriously affect the operating efficiency and life expectancy of the pump. Problems like vibration, erosion cavitation out of balance conditions etc. Suction and discharge must be independently supported. Designer can consider use of expansion joints on either suction or discharge if required. Suction piping should not contain vertical loops or air pockets When reduction is required at pump suction use eccentric reducer flat side up. Provide at least 3 to 4 diameter of straight pipe between pump suction and first elbow for horizontal suction. Only long radius elbow to be used at or adjacent to any pump suction connection.

When pump flanges are cast iron flat faced, the mating flanges must also be flat faced and the joint made up with full face gaskets.
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Piping Layout
Example : Modern Piping Layout

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Piping Design bases

Piping Design Bases

Defn. : Design bases are the physical attributes, loading, service conditions, environmental factors and materials related factors which must be considered in the detailed design of a piping system to ensure its pressure integrity over its design life

Factors to be considered for Design

Physical attributes Size, layout, dimensional limits, dimensional standards, special design practices for configuration control ( weld joints, slope, plugging etc.) Loading and Service conditions

Loading conditions Dead weights, pressure changes, temperature changes, Snow loads, ice loads, wind loads, Earthquake loads Service conditions Combination of loads occurring simultaneously ( Water hammer, Relief valve discharge loads, Acoustically induced vibration loads Corrosion/ erosion Flow assisted corrosion

Environmental Factors

Material related considerations Pressure integrity Leak tight condition in piping systems

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Piping Design Bases - Sizing

Sizing of a Piping system

Fluid flow design

Reasonable design velocities for Water flowing through pipes

The detailed fluid flow design of a piping system requires the consideration of a number fluid parameters including flow rate, viscosity, density and pipe wall frictional drag

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Piping Design Bases - Sizing

Sizing of a Piping system

Pressure Integrity Design

Determination of Pipe wall thickness :

1. 2.

From minimum inside diameter select the Outside diameter from standards. Based on fluid service suitable piping material required to be found (strength allowances, corrosion, erosion allowances, joining) As per code calculate the required minimum wall thickness. Select an appropriate nominal wall thickness from standard (i.e. schedule) Confirm the standard manufacturing tolerance will not reduce the nominal wall thickness Confirm that the inside diam of the pipe is compatible with the minimum inside diameter requirements obtained from the fluid flow evaluation.

3. 4. 5.

6.

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Questions ???

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Thank You

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