RFID Technology: overview, trends and challenges

Mara Victoria Bueno Delgado, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Information Technologies and Communications Technical University of Cartagena, Spain

Torino, November 2010

Contents

What is RFID? How does RFID work? RFID: a bit of history Research topics on RFID To summarize

What is RFID?

Radio Frequency Identification (I)

Contactless Smartcards
Personal identification: access control

Contactless Smart coin tags

Animal identification

Contactless keys
Lock/unlock cars

Contactless library labels

Books control

Radio Frequency Identification

Radio Frequency Identification (II)

RFID is the technology that enables the identification of distant objects/people by means of a RF communication link

RFID system Tags Readers Middleware

5

Radio Frequency Identification (III)

Passive LF tags
Passive Tag Battery Data No R/W Low, 0.15 (2) LF: 100-500 KHz HF: 10-15 MHz UHF: 850-950 MHz LF: < 50cm HF: < 1m UHF< 10 m Simple applications: stock control, personal/animal id, traceability EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 Active Tag Yes R/W High, 20(1) UHF: 433 MHz Microwaves: 2.45 GHz Up to 100 m

Passive HF tags

Cost Operating Frequency

Passive UHF tags

Range

Applications

Active tags
Standards

Complex applications: monitor temperatures, humidity, etc. ISO-18000-7 (DASH7)

(1) Price 2009 (2) LF/HF tags, UHF 0.30 /u. Price 2009
6

Radio Frequency Identification (IV)

RFID systems: readers
LF Fixed LF Portable

HF Fixed

HF Portable

UHF Fixed

UHF Portable

Active Readers
7

How does RFID work?

How does RFID work? (I)

Passive RFID systems
Reader transmits electromagnetic waves, creating a coverage area Tags enter the reader read range Readers always start communication The way reader and tags communicate depends on the frequency
Is anyone there?

Im here!

How does RFID work? (II)

Passive RFID systems at Near Field (LF, HF)
The reader antenna (coil) generates a magnetic field The field induces voltage in the coil of the tag and supplies the tag with energy (Faradays Law) . It is called inductive coupling The energy used in the tag is drawn from the primary coil of the antenna Operating distance is usually equal the diameter of the reader antenna Field energy decreases proportionally to 1/d3 (short range)

10

How does RFID work? (III)

Passive RFID systems at Far Field (UHF)
UHF systems are based on Backscatter Coupling Reader uses a dipole antenna to transmit electromagnetic waves. Incident waves are modulated and reflected from the dipole antenna of the tag Boundary between near and far field: d= /2

11

How does RFID work? (IV)

Active RFID systems (UHF and Microwaves)
Reader transmits electromagnetic waves, creating a coverage area Both readers and tags can start the communication Tags listen readers and other tags (carrier sense capability) Tags sleep after transmitting data (energy save mode)

Im here!

Im here!

12

RFID seems to be a simple and not new technology, so

13

Where is the novelty? Why RFID could be of interest for us?

To understand the present we have to look at the past
14

RFID: A bit of history

1939- First use of RF device in 2nd World War. Britain used to identify enemy airplanes: Friend or Foe (FoF) Early explorations of RFID technology, laboratory experiments 1973-First patent the ancestor of the modern RFID (U.S. Patent 3,713,148) RFID development progresses in related fields: microelectronics, antenna design, SW, and microprocessors. RFID applications extended by Texas Instruments, Philips

1940-1950....1950-1960.....1960-1970.....1970-1980.....1980-1990.....1990-2000.....2000-2010

1948-Harry Stockman, Communication by means of reflected power (Proc. of the Institute of Radio Engineers)

Development of the theory of RFID Start of applications field trials

Every country focused on different applications (LF and HF): USA: access control and transport . Europe: industrial application and animal control. Japan: FeliCa card (contactless payment)

15

In this decade(I)
2000-2004
Advances in communications, microelectronics, antennas design Huge decrease in the cost of the technology No global standards:

A massive RFID implementation started around the world!!!: Everyone wanted to be RFID developer, RFID supplier, RFID consumer. Auto-ID consortium was created to put in order the chaos that was appearing on RFID world. Auto-ID was formed by hundreds of companies focused on RFID, universities and research centers (MIT, U. Cambridge, U. Adelaide, U. Keio, U. Fundan, U. St. Gallen)
16

CHAOS!!!

Hundreds of proprietary communication protocols for RFID at different operating frequencies (UHF, LF, HF), different product data codes, etc. Applications: passports, libraries, hospitals, museums, traceability, airports

In this decade(II)
At the end of 2004 AutoID + ISO
Global standardization of active RFID: ISO 18000-7 Global standardization of passive RFID
LF: ISO 18000-2 HF: ISO 18000-3 UHF: EPCglobal class-1 Gen-2 standard (ISO-18000-6)

EPCglobal Network standard (middleware for global interconnection) Unique data format: Electronic Product Code (EPC)

17

In this decade(III)
2005- RFID tracking as a replacement of barcodes
Wal-Mart required its top 100 suppliers to apply RFID labels to all shipments After that, other companies followed the same steps: DoD in US, Target, Tesco, Metro Group, etc. RFID Data Quantity Writable Dirt Influence, sight Obstruction Up to Kbytes Read only, WORM, R/W No effect Barcodes 1 to 100 bits Read only Very high

Degradation/wear
Unauthorized copying Read speed Read distance Data format standards Quality standards Cost

none
Encryption prevented ms 0.50m, 1 m, 10m, 100m Few No, inmature From 0.05

Susceptible
Susceptible s 10 cm Many Yes Inexpensive
18

Currently (I)
We are imagining a world where everything is tagged with RFID: clothes, food, medicines, mobiles, laptops, humans

19

Currently (II)
Many applications are emerging for managing millions of tags in the world, developing Intelligent Human Environment
Smart appliances
RFID Washing machine RFID Refrigerator

Healthcare applications

Patient safety (identification and medication administration) NFC for access control, e-ticket, payment, car parking Human implants to lock/unlock the house, car, laptop, collect medical data, etc.
20

Mobile applications

Applications for locking/unlocking

RFID sounds great butresearch is only focused on developing RFID applications?

21

Research topics on RFID

Not at all.
There is several hot research topics in Passive and Active RFID

Most of them can be extracted from any example of future application

YouTube - IBM RFID Commercial - The Future Market

22

Research topics on passive RFID (I)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF

23

Research topics on passive RFID (II)

Traceability Global interconnection?

Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 LF 125 KHz 125 KHz 125 KHz HF 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz UHF 868-870 MHz (4 W EIRP) 902-928 MHz (3.2 W EIRP) 950-956 MHz (4 W EIRP, China 2 W ERP, Singapur and Taiwan and Philippines 0.5 W ERP) Microwaves 2.446-2.454 GHz 2.40-2.4835 GHz 2.427-2.470 GHz 24

Research topics on passive RFID (III)

Challenge: HARDWARE DESIGN
Reader/tag antennas to work at different frequencies

A.T. Mobashsher et al., A novel High-Gain Dual-Band antenna for RFID Reader Applications, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.9, pp. 653-656, 2010. T. Deleruyelle et al., Dual band mono-chip HF-UHF tag antenna, Proc. of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 1-4, 2010. P. Iliev et al., Near field/Far field RFID tag antenna. Proc. of 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-4, 2010. G.J. Owen et al., On The Effect of Mutual Coupling on LF and UHF Tags Implemented in Dual Frequency RFID Applications. Proc. of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-4, 2009.

Reader/tag antennas to work in the full UHF band

A. Amin et al., Design and characterization of Efficient Flexible UHF RFID tag Antennas. Proc. of 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 2784-2786, 2009.

M. Martinez-Moreno et al., Dipole antenna design for UHF RFID tags. Proc. of International Conference on Electrical, Communications and Computers, pp. 220-224, 2009.
25

Research topics on passive RFID (IV)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with several interferences
Fluorescent bulbs and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise) Mobiles from clients (GSM interferences)

26

Research topics on passive RFID (V)

Is anyone there?

Too much noise!!I cannot receive reader signals properly!!

27

Research topics on passive RFID (VI)

Challenge: ANALYSIS OF INTERFERENCES
To know how they affect on RFID system performance

R. Hosaka, An analysis for electrical noise of electric bulb shaped fluorescent tube to maintain security level of medical use RFID tag. Proc. of World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, vol.1 25/12, pp 217-220, 2009. R. Hosaka, An analysis of PLC noise level for risk management of medical use RFID system. Proc. of 4th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, vol. 22, pp. 21030-1033, 2008. W. Hong, R. Kan, S. Li, Electromagnetic compatibility of UHF-RFID to GSM. Proc. of International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 63-66, 2008.

To decide how to configure/set RFID system for minimizing impairments caused by interferences

G. Ibrahim, A. Plytage, UHF RFID Systems; Their Susceptibility to Backscattered Signals Induced by Electronic Ballast Driven Fluorescent Lamps. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, n. 7, pp. 2473-2478, 2010. D. Arnaud-Cormos, T. Letertre, A. Diet, A. Azoulay, Electromagnetic Environment of RFID systems. Proc. of 37th European Microwave Conference, pp. 1652-1655, 2007. 28

Research topics on passive RFID (VII)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with interferences
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise) Mobiles from clients (interferences)

Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), Attached to metals (reflection) Harsh environment (placed in freezers) Close to human bodies

29

Research topics on passive RFID (VIII)

Is anyone there?
I am attached or close to a item with high % of water/liquid

Most of incident energy is absorbed by water!!!... I have not enough energy to generate a response!!

ABSORPTION!!!!
30

Research topics on passive RFID (IX)

Is anyone there?
I am attached or close to a item with high % of metal

Most of incident energy is reflected by metal!!! I have not enough energy to generate a response!!

REFLECTION!!!!
31

Research topics on passive RFID (X)

Challenges:
To analyze absorption and reflection effects

D.D. Arumugam, D.W. Engels, M.H. Mickle, Specific absorption rates in muscle tissues for passive UHF RFID tag backscatter. Proc .of Radio and Wireless Symposium, pp. 445-448, 2009. J. Singh, E. Olsen, K. Vorst, K. Tripp, RFID Tag Readability Issues with Palletized Loads of Consumer Goods. Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, vol. 22 (8), pp. 431-441, 2009. V. Derbek, C. Steger, R. Weiss, J. Preishuber, M. Pistauer, A UHF RFID measurement and evaluation test system, Elektrotechnik & Informationstechnik, vol. 124, no. 11 pp. 384390, 2007.

To design new tags non susceptible to the above phenomena

S.K- Kuo et al., Analysis and design of an UHF RFID metal tag using magnetic composite material as substrate. Progress in Electromagnetic Research, vol. 24, pp. 49-62, 2010. G.H. Hwang et al., UHF RFID metal tag applying to license plate using metal shielding and watertight methods. Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, vol.2 (4), pp. 549-563, 2009. R. Harish et al., Conformal RFID antenna design suitable for human monitoring and metallic platforms. Prof of 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-5, 2010. 32

Research topics on passive RFID (XI)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise) Mobiles from clients (interferences)

Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection) Harsh environment (freezer) Close to Human bodies

Communication
Tag-to-tag collisions Reader-to-reader collisions

33

Research topics on passive RFID (XI)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise) Mobiles from clients (interferences)

Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection) Harsh environment (freezer) Close to Human bodies

Communication
Tag-to-tag collisions Reader-to-reader collisions

34

Research topics on passive RFID (XII)

Tag-to-tag collisions:
Is anyone there? Im here! Im here!

Im here!

Im here! Im here!

Im here!!

COLLISION!

Anti-collision/Identification protocol
35

Research topics on passive RFID (XIII)

Restrictions:
Passive tags are very simple devices:
No battery No internal clocks No carrier sense No extra memory No data processing

Standards propose simple Id. protocols:

Based on binary tree protocols in LF and HF Based on Frame Slotted Aloha in UHF

36

Research topics on passive RFID (XIV)

E.g. Identification protocol in standards at LF and HF
Reader query tags sending groups of bits Based on binary tree protocols Tags receive bits and respond if bits match with the ID tag. If onlyLow performance with high quantity of Otherwise, reader continues one tag answers, successful identification . tags in coverage sending group of bits with new combinations
Who starts with 01? Who starts with 0? Who starts with 010?

Me!

A
Me!

Tag A: ID-010 Tag B: ID-011 Tag C: ID-100

Collision! Tag identified!

37

Research topics on passive RFID (XV)

Challenges:
An efficient MAC protocol
To Avoid/handle collisions To minimize identification delay Compatible with standards

M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., Analysis of DFSA Anti-collision protocols in passive RFID environments. 35th IEEE Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society, 2009.
38

Research topics on passive RFID (XVI)

M.V. Bueno-Delgado, Contribution to Anti-collision protocols and Deployment Techniques for Radio Frequency Identification Systems. Ed. ProQuest Information learning. 2010.

M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., On the Optimal frame-length Configuration on real passive RFID systems. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. In press (doi:10.1007/s00779-006-0111-6) 2010.
J. Vales-Alonso et al., Analysis of Tag Loss Ratio in dynamic RFID systems. Journal of RF Technologies. In press (doi:10.3233/RFT-2010-005) 2010. M.V. Bueno et al., Estimation of the Tag Population with physical layer collision recovery. Proc. of 3rd International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology. 2010. C. Angerer et al., Recovering from collisions in Multiple Tag RFID Environments. Proc. of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technologies, 2010.
39

Research topics on passive RFID (XVII)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise) Mobiles from clients (interferences)

Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection) Harsh environment (freezer) Close to Human bodies

Communication
Tag-to-tag collisions Reader-to-reader collisions

40

Research topics on passive RFID (XVIII)

Reader-to-Reader collisions:
Ethernet Connexion Wireless Access Point

Internet
Central Server EPCglobal Network

R1

R2

Tags

Mobile Reader

Fixed Reader

R3

41

Research topics on passive RFID (XIX)

Reader-Tag Collision (RTC)
Im a passive tag, I cannot select a specific Reader/frequency!!!

R1

R2 R3

Max. Distance for energyzing tags

42

Research topics on passive RFID (XIX)

I receive a weak signal from a tag and a strong signal from a reader, provoking interefences!!

Reader-Reader Collision (RRC)

R1

R2 R3

Max. Interference distance Reader-Reader

43

Research topics on passive RFID (XX)

Challenges:
Mechanisms to mitigate effects of RTC and RRC collisions
Maximizing throughput (number of tags identified per time unit) Maximizing Fairness (readers operation per time unit)

44

Research topics on passive RFID (XXI)

M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., A comparative Study of RFID Schedulers in Dense Reader Environments. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technologies, 2010. F. Gandino et al., Introducing Probability in RFID Reader-to-Reader Anti-collision. 8th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, 2009. N.K Chen et al., Array-based Reader Anti-Collision Scheme for Highly Efficient RFID Network Applications. Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Journal, vol. 9, pp.976-987, 2009. J.B. Eom et al., An efficient reader anti-collision algorithm in dense RFID networks with mobile RFID readers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 2326-2336, 2009. F. Gandino et al., Probabilistic DCS: A reader to reader anti-collision protocol. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. In press, (doi:10.1016/jnca.2010.04.007) 2010.
45

Research topics on passive RFID (XXII)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise) Mobiles from clients (interferences)

Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection) Harsh environment (freezer) Close to Human bodies

Communication
Tag orientation, Tag-to-tag collisions, reader-to-reader collisions

Middleware

46

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPCglobal network standard: middleware for global interconnection?

EPC Network

Manufacturer (Gillete)

Retailer (SUPERMARKET)

47

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPC Network

1
Manufacturer (Gillete) Retailer/SUPERMARKET

1. Manufacturer tags the product

48

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPC Network
Electronic Product Code urn:epc:1:18559.47400 urn:epc:1:44368.37400

Syntax

4th level

3rd level

2nd level

Top level

1
Manufacturer

Domain Name EPC

. ds . 18559

. vnds . 47400

. verisign
Retailer . onsepc

com
com

1. Manufacturer tags the product

Manufacturer ID identifies supplier as Gillette

Object (product) Class identifies as Mach 3 razor (12 pk)

49

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPC Network
3

1
Manufacturer (Gillete)
Retailer (SUPERMARKET)

1. Manufacturer tags the product 2. Manufacturer records product information (e.g., manufacture date, expiration date, location) into EPC Information Service (Data Base) 3. EPC Information Service registers EPC knowledge with EPC Registry (Entity records traceability every EPC product in the world). 50

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPC Network

Manufacturer (Gillete)

Retailer (Supermarket)

4. Manufacturer sends product to Retailer 5. Retailer records receipt of product into EPC IS (Data Base) 6. Retailers EPC IS then registers product knowledge with EPC Discovery Service

51

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPC Network
Retailer Application

Manufacturer (Gillete)

Retailer (Supermarket)

Electronic Product Code urn:epc:1:18559.47400 urn:epc:1:44368.37400

When the retailer reads a tag, it only reads EPC code, without any information. Retailer wants to know: who is the manufacturer??? What is the product??, what is the product expiration date??, etc

52

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPC Network
Retailer Application

7 8

Manufacturer (Gillete)

Retailer (Supermarket)

7. Retailer must query to Root ONS. This entity answer a IP address to connect with the Manufacturers Local ONS 8. Manufacturers Local ONS is queried for location of EPC-IS

53

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPC Network
Retailer Application

Manufacturer (Gillete)

Retailer (Supermarket)

9. Retailer queries Manufacturer EPC IS for desired product information (e.g., manufacture date, expiration date, etc.)

54

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIV)

Challenges:
Global Data Synchronization Data security Scalability

EPC Network
Retailer Application

Manufacturer (Gillete)

Retailer (Supermaket)

55

Research topics on passive RFID (XXV)

P. Manzanares-Lopez, An efficient distributed discovery service for EPCglobal Network in nested package scenarios. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi: 10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.018) 2010. Y-W. Ma et al., Load Balancing mechanism for the RFID middleware applications over grid networking. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi: 10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.010) 2010. E. Bottani et al., The impact of RFID and EPC network on the bullwhip effect in the italian FMCG supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 124 (2), pp. 426-432, 2010. T. Nam et al., Bussiness-aware framework for supporting RFID-enabled applications in EPC network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi: 10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.021) 2010. A. P. Anagnostopoulos et al., REFiLL: A lightweight programable middleware platform for cost efective RFID application development. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, vol. 5(1), pp. 49-63, 2009.
56

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVI)

Many factors degrade the performance of passive RFID systems:
Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with noise
Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise) Mobiles from clients (interferences)

Tags
Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection) Harsh environment (freezer) Close to Human bodies

Communication
Tag orientation, Tag-to-tag collisions, reader-to-reader collisions

Middleware Data security and Retailers/Clients privacy

57

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVII)

RFID security and privacy at manufacturers/retailers side
Unauthorized inventory of a store by scanning tags with an unauthorized reader to determine the types and quantities of items.

Spoofing Information disclosure

An attacker modifies the EPC number on tags or kills tags (tags disabled) in the supply chain, warehouse, or store disrupting business operations and causing a loss of revenue.

Tampering with data Denial of service

An attacker modifies a high-priced items EPC number to be the EPC number of a lower cost item.

Tampering with data

58

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVIII)

RFID security and privacy at client side
Tracking Determine where individuals are and where they have been Hotlisting Single out certain individuals because of the items they possess Profiling Identifying the items an individual has in their possession

Heres Mr. Jones in 2020

Wig
model #4456

Replacement hip
medical part #459382

(cheap polyester)

Das Kapital and Communist-party handbook

1500 Euros in wallet 30 items of lingerie

Serial numbers: 597387,389473
59

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIX)

Challenges:
To set/manage authorized certificates (CA) to access to EPC info on EPC-IS, ONS, Local ONS, etc. To use encryption/cryptography in readers-to-tag communications, but tags too simple, no channels to communicate secret keys

B. Alomair, Privacy versus Scalability in radio frequency identification systems. Computer Communications Journal, vol. 33 (18), pp. 2155-2163, 2010. P. Peris-Lopez et al., Vulnerability analysis of RFID protocols for tag ownership transfer. Computer Networks Journal, vol. 54(9), pp. 1502-1508, 2010. D. Han et al., Vulnerability of an RFID authentication protocol conforming EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 Standards. Journal of Computer, Standards and Interfaces, vol. 31(4), pp. 648-652, 2009. C-L. Chen et al., Conformation of EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 standards RFID system with mutual authentication and privacy protection. Journal of Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 22 (8) pp. 1284-1291, 2009. 60

Too much challenges on Passive RFID!!! What about Active RFID?

61

Research topics on active RFID (I)

Active RFID systems
Less restrictive than passive due to the complex hardware
Only two frequencies available (UHF- 433MHz, Microwaves 2.45 GHz) Low influence of interferences High read-range (up to 100 m) Tag to tag communications by means of Carrier Sense Higher tag capabilities: complex identification/anti-collision protocols in tags, data encryption, etc.

But similar problems than Wireless Sensor Networks

Batteries life: GOAL to minimize power consumption PHY layer: hardware design to reduce consumption MAC layer: to minimize collisions, to maximize time in sleep mode NET layer: efficient multi-hop mechanisms
62

Research topics on active RFID (II)

H. Cho et al., Reader collision avoidance for multihop deployment of active RFID readers. IEICE Electron. Express, vol. 7, no. 18, pp.1396-1402, 2010 . J. Vales Alonso et al, On the optimal configuration of CSMA-MS algorithm. Proc. of 3rd International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology, 2010. M.V. Bueno Delgado et al., Analysis of the identification process in active RFID systems with Capture Effect assumption. Proc of 6th European Workshop on RFID Systems and Technologies, 2010. A. Palomo Lopez et al., CSMA-Multi Stage Anti-collision Protocol for Active RFID Systems. Proc. of 4th International Workshop on RFID Technology, Concepts, Applications, Challenges, 2010.

63

To summarize
For every application with RFID new challenges at different layers

Absorption and reflection effects Electromagnetic noise/signal detection

Security and Privacy problems

Physical Layer

Energy Saving (only active RFID)

Improving reading efficiency Anti-collision protocols for minimizing tag-tag collisions Optimizing configuration parameters of MAC protocols Schedulers for managing reader-reader collisions

MAC Layer

Energy constraints in collisions (only active RFID) New middleware platforms for worldwide data interchange Applications for reader-tag interaction

Upper Layers

64

Thanks!
M Victoria Bueno Delgado, PhD
Assistant Professor Technical University of Cartagena mvictoria.bueno@upct.es http://ait.upct.es/~mvbueno

65