MEIOSIS NOTES

Do Now Meiosis vs. Mitosis

1. What are the 6 phases of Mitosis?
2. During which phase of mitosis do the

chromosomes line up across the center of the cell? 3. During mitosis, are the daughter cells identical to the parent cell or different? Explain your answer.

Reproduction
Asexual (relies on mitosis):

all of the parents DNA goes to the offspring Sexual (relies on meiosis): used to create sex cells

2 TYPES OF CELLS
1) BODY CELLS
2) SEX CELLS

All cells other than sex cells -Also called somatic cells -Made by mitosis

Types of Cells: Body Cells

This scanning electron micrograph (courtesy of Dr. Marion J. Barnhart) shows the characteristic biconcave shape of red blood cells.

Types of Cells: Body Cells

-Contain 2 copies of each chromosome -called homologous chromosomes -have diploid #, 2n EX. Humans =46

Types of Cells: Sex Cells

*Also called gametes *Eggs and sperm *Made by meiosis *Have haploid #, n *EX. Humans =23

Sex Cells (sea urchin egg being fertilized)

Chromosome #
Egg (haploid #) Sperm(haploid #)

ZYGOTE (diploid #) Ex. Humans 23 + 23 =46

Meiosis
The form of cell division by which gametes,

with half the number of chromosomes, are produced.

Diploid (2n)

haploid (n)

Meiosis is sexual reproduction. Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).

Meiosis occurs in 2 steps

MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II

MEIOSIS I

Meiosis I (P1, M1, A1, T1) -homologous chromosome pairs are divided -two new daughter cells are produced -reduction division

MEIOSIS II
Meiosis II (P2, M2, A2, T2) - Two sister chromatids are split into two daughter cells - Analagous to mitosis because chromosome # stays the same

Meiosis Diagram

CROSSING OVER
Occurs during Prophase I of meiosis
Chromosomes form and DNA is exchanged

ADVANTAGE: genetic variation

Crossing Over

Adapted from: Morgan T.H., Sturtevant A.H., Muller H.J., and Bridges C.B., "The Mechansim of Mendelian Heredity", 1915.

Gamete Development in Males and Females

MALES Meiosis occurs in testes at puberty and then occurs as needed
1 spermatocyte=4 sperm

FEMALES Meiosis occurs in the ovaries before birth

1 oocyte=1 egg and 3 wasted cells

Sperm Formation

Egg Formation (unequal cytokinesis)

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

HOW MANY CELLS ARE MADE? Mitosis 2
Meiosis 4

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

ARE RESULTING CELLS GENETICALLY THE SAME OR DIFFERENT?
Mitosis Genetically the same Meiosis Genetically different

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

WHAT TYPES OF CELLS RESULT IN THE PROCESS? (BODY CELLS OR GAMETES)
Mitosis Body cells Meiosis Gametes

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF EACH PROCESS? Mitosis Growth and repair Meiosis Formation of sex cells and genetic variation

Fertilization
The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
A zygote is a fertilized egg

n=23 egg

sperm n=23

2n=46 zygote

Meiosis mouse testes

Parent cell 1st division

2nd division
4 gametes

Homologous Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are

similar in shape and size.

Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling

the same inherited traits.

Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same

position on homologues.
Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

a. 22 pairs of autosomes b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes

Karyotype
A method of organizing the chromosomes of a

cell in relation to number, size, and type.

Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.
Homologue

Homologue

Autosomes
(The Autosomes code for most of the offsprings traits)

In Humans the Autosomes are sets 1 - 22

21 trisomy Downs Syndrome

Can you see the extra 21st chromosome?

Is this person male or female?

Sex Chromosomes
The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring. ** If the offspring has two X chromosomes it will be a female. ** If the offspring has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome it will be a male.

In Humans the Sex Chromosomes are the 23rd set

XX chromosome - female

XY chromosome - male

Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome Decides

Y chromosome X chromosome

Crossing Over
Crossing over (variation) may occur between

nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata.

Crossing over: segments of nonsister

chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid.

Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing

over.

Crossing Over - variation

nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site of crossing over

variation

Do Now
Take out your Meiosis notes.
Sit quietly.