Evidence Based Medicine

DARWIN AMIR
Bgn Penyakit Saraf RS DR. M. Djamil / Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas PADANG

Evidence Based Medicine

A new paradigm for the health care system

Using the current evidence in the medical literature to provide the best care to patients Will give you the historical basis and philosophical underpinning of EBM

 Medicine

in the pre historic had no concept of probability (the ancients and the Greek, the Gods decided all life, therefore that probability did not

enter into issues of daily life

 After

Luca Piccauli (1494) defined basic principles of algebra and multiplication tables introduced the first statistic problem and Girolamo Gardano (1545) introduced the first attempt to use mathematics to describe statistic and probability.

Galileo expanded on this by calculating probabilities using two dice Thomas Gataker expounded on the meaning of probability by noting that it was natural laws. Huygens (1657), Leibniz (1662) and Englishman John Graunt (1660) wrote on norms of statistic including the relation of personal choice and judgement to statistical probability.

 John

Graunt categorized the cause of death

of the London populate using statistical sampling and predict the human lifespan.
Graunt

statistic can be compared to recent data from the US in 1993

Table : Probability of survival, 1660 and 1993

Percentage survival to each age
Age
0 26 46 76

1660
100% 25% 10% 1%

1993
100% 98% 95% 70%

Medical practice

Clinician helps patients by

- Diagnosing what is wrong with them - Administering treatment that does more good than harm - Giving them an indication of what the future is likely to hold (prognosis)

Evidence Based Practice in Primary Care

The

growing demand for public accountability in health care and the increased availability of information to users -------- >

EBP

will be central theme in general practice and the organization of care for many years to come

The need for an EB approach to decision-making in general practice

The core of GP is the relationship between the doctor and patient. Central aspects of this relationship is the process of decision making (range from simple clinical types of decision to decision at a level about how service should be organized

 The

decisions ought to involve a negotiated in the context of a partnership between the health care professional and the patient and takes account of factors such as patient need, preferences, priorities, available resources and evidence of the effects of providing different forms of care

Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials

Other Necessary Evidence

Needs

Effects of care

MAKING POLICIES AND TAKING DECISIONS

Professional and providers Service users and purchasers researchers and funders

Resources

Priorities

Both the doctor and patient require access to reliable and valid information ----- > to the situation is required. EBM is the phrase used to describe such an approach and entails (from the doctors perspective): - the conscientious - explicit - judicious use GP acquire, wisdom and judgment through their clinical experience

This expertise produces clinical skills and acumen (diligent) in detecting signs and symptoms. Greater understanding of individuals (predicament, rights and preferences) in making clinical decisions about their care.
The judgment for decision making based on the availability of better research methods for assessing the validity of evidence of effectiveness through to improved techniques for collating evidence in a systematic way

The distinction between EBM and Evidence Based Health Care

Evidence Based Medicine

Evidence Based Health Care

Conceptual approach that health care professionals can use in making decisions about the care of individuals patients

Broader concepts that incorporates improve approach to understanding patients, families and practitioners beliefs, values and attitudes. Takes account evidence at a population levels

How to get started: a five-step process for using an evidence based approach in GP

The McMaster University EBM Resources Group have identified a five-step approach need to follow : 1. define the problem; 2. track down the information sources you need; 3. critically appraise the information; 4. apply the information with your patients; 5. evaluate how effective thisapplication of information is

Step 1: defining the problem

Questions frequently arises, such as pros and conts of using a particular form of therapy, the value of having a particular diagnostic test or screening procedure, the risk or prognosis of a particular disease or the cost of a potential intervention. There is a clinical problem for which you are unsure of the evidence and to make a decision to investigate it further.

Step 2: tracking down the information sources needed

Medical literature which can assist in providing answers to the question raised in clinical practice is broadly scattered; journals, family medicine journals and government reports

Step 3: critically appraising the information

Decided which journal articles to read. It is important to read them carefully as not all published is of equal value Critical appraisal of articles is a process which involves carefully reading an article and analysing its methodology, content and conclusion Do I believe these result sufficiently that I would be prepared to adopt a similar approach or reach a similar conclusion, with my own patients ?.

Step 4: applying the information with your patients

How to apply the information obtained to the particular circumstances of your patients ?. This is a probably the most crucial step in the process. Whether there are any methodological issues raised about the evidence which might prompt you to reject it outright. This process requires a partnership between the doctor and patient. If at the end of the process the decision is made be a mutual and conscientious

Step 5: evaluating how effective it is.

Evaluate the effect of the evidence as applied to specific patients. The expected benefits that arose from using a particular item of evidence were consistent with the observed benefits. It may well generate the need for further research to identify why some patients have not responded in the expected manner and what be done to rectify this The practitioner is having sufficient time to apply these steps routinely in their daily practice

Supporting a framework for Evidence-Based Practice within general practice

As professional you have the challenge and responsibilities in facing general practice

Framework needs to be built around ensuring that the evidence required to inform decision-making is available, accessible, acceptable and applied by GP.
Emerged internationally which aim to produce systematic summaries with trying to practice EBP.

Supporting a framework for EvidenceBased Practice within general practice

Good examples are: - Cochrane library (a database of high quality systematic review of health care) - AGP Journal Club. - BMJ and Lancet. At a more local level, there are a growing number of networks being amongs general practitioner of searching for and appraising evidence A natural extension of this process is o apply EB Protocols and guidelines, develop by he colleagues in clinical practice.

The relevant clinical questions in your patients must contain 4 element:

1). The patients problem. 2). Intervention, which by research methodology, diagnostic test and the treatment 3). If needed with intervention comparable. 4). Clinical outcome or outcome of interest. The 4 element to form the terminology i.e. PICO
P= Patient, I = Intervention, C= Comparison, O= Outcome.

Use of theophylline in asthma

Following the publication for the management of asthma in adults, dr. A noted the statement that thephylline might have a role in patients whose asthma was not controlled with high dose inhaled steroid, but even then alternative treatment might have fewer side effects. He decided it was time to review his prescribing of theophylline and used the practice computer to produce a list of all his asthmatic patients and their recent medication. He found 86 patients, three of whom were taking theophylline. He was reassured that his use of theophylline was limited, but made an entry in the records of each of these patients to remind him to review their medication when the patient next attended. Ultimately, he was able to persuade two of these patients to discontinue theophylline, and after 6 months the prescribing data were checked again to confirm that these changes had persisted.

Prognosis
- What are the consequences of having the disease
Is

it dangerous ? Could I die of it How long will I be able to continue my present actives ? Will it ever go away altogether?

The prognosis question

A qualitative aspect (which outcomes could happen?)

A quantitative aspect (how likely are they to happen ?) A temporal aspect (over what time period ?)

Natural history of diseases (no medical intervention)

Biologic onset Clinical Diagnosis Outcome Recovery Disability Death ect

Clinical Courses (medical intervention)

Risk Factors

Biologic onset

Clinical Diagnosis

Outcome

Recovery Disability Death Etc

Prognostic factors

Demographic variable Disease specific variables Co-morbid factor

The strategy for making a prognosis

expert opinion consulting the appropriate specialist looking it up in a text book clinical experiences read up

Cohort study Survival analysis Case control study Case Series

Biologic onset

Early diagnosis possible

Clinical diagnosis

Outcome

Recovery Disability Death Etc

Summary

If the concept is embraced it will improve general practice Will make the GP an even more rewarding discipline within which to practice.

Will support shared decision making with users. It is the ideal model of making decisions within the medical encounter. EBM / EBP will help maintain the central role of general practice in health care.