By Y.G.SAI RAGHU(124576) Under the guidance of Dr. P.

SREE HARI RAO

INDEX
Introduction
Requirements of Energy Harvesting Sources of Energy Harvesting

Need for the RF based Harvesting

Origin of RF Energy Harvesting Challenges with RF Energy Harvesting Architecture of RF Energy Harvesting system

Energy Harvesting
EH is the process by which energy is derived from the external sources; captured and stored

Hydro electricity generation

Why do we need EH
Sufficient power as/when needed
Adequate life time-no/low maintaince Easy low cost installation Flexibility

Sources of Energy
Photovoltaic solar cells Vibrations
Piezoelectric Capacitive Inductive

Radio-Frequency (RF)
Thermoelectric conversion

Wind/air flow

Why RF based wireless Power

Industrial Minimizes Operating Costs Eliminates cost to hard wire or replace batteries e.g. wireless sensors. Eliminates service downtime caused by depleted batteries. Reduces battery handling and disposal. End-Users Convenience and Usability Placement flexibility no charging mats or charging stations. Transparent charging no user action required. In some deployments, owing to the sensor location, battery replacement may be both practically and economically infeasible.

Origin
The Wireless electricity transmission system pioneered by

Dr Nikola Tesla has the potential to meet our future global energy needs

RF Energy is every where

Sources of RF Energy for harvesting

FM Radio systems ( 88 108 MHz, tens of KW )
TV Transmission ( 180 220 MHz, tens of KW ) Cell Tower Transmission ( 800 1800 MHz, 10 20 W per

carrier)

AM Transmission ( 540 1600 KHz, few hundred W) Mobile phones ( 1W to 2W )

Out of which cell towers can be considered as renewable source as they transmit whole 24 hours of the day.

Power Sources Categories

Architecture Of RF Energy Harvesting System

Receive the power from RF Source and rectify the AC voltage in

to DC through rectification circuit. Stepping up of the voltage level of the rectified output through dc dc converter. Feeding the stepped voltage to charge a battery through the charging circuit.

Challenges with RF Energy Harvesting

Available input power to the rectifier is low and there

is no external bias voltage applied. Non-linear dependence of the rectifier impedance on the frequency and power, broadband impedance matching network is essential for maximum power transfer. High efficiency of RF-DC conversion and low power DC-DC converter is required. The rectifier should have minimum power loss to increase the overall efficiency.

Matching circuit
The matching circuit is composed of inductive and

capacitive elements ensure smooth deliver to the load. A slight change in the matching circuit parameters alters significantly the frequency range in which efficiency of energy conversion is maximum.

Rectification using Schottky diodes

RF EH is able to operate even for the low RF power. As

the peak voltage of the a.c signal is very smaller than the diode thershold. These diodes must operate with low thershold and high frequency. A voltage doubler is designed with silicon based Schottky diode having threshold voltage of 230mV and diode capacitance of .26pF.(HSMS-2852,HSMS-2822). At microwave frequency, the non-linear capacitance of the diode governs the maximum power transfer to the load and amplitude of the rectified output as input impedance of the rectifier changes with the frequency.

CMOS Rectifier circuit

The operation of the four-transistor cell is easily

understood if Vp and Vp are assumed to be large enough to turn the transistors on and off. Thus, a dc voltage is developed across a load connected between VH and VL . In general,H-VL=2*Vref-Vo

Dc-Dc converter
A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit which

converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. When the switch is closed inductor will charge and at that time charge stored in the capacitor delivers voltage to the load. When switch is open inductor discharges to load and capacitor.

VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER
Single stage voltage doublers is used generally for

doubling the voltage that from the rectifier. Number of voltage multiplier stages can be increased to have more voltage, but by increasing the number of stages the current will be decreased resulting in the increase of the delay.

single stage voltage doublers

Microstrip antenna design

The main challenge faced in harvesting RF energy is

the free space path loss of transmitted signal with distance. Pr=PtGrGt(4R) Proposed antenna for RF Energy Harvesting is broadband electromagnetically coupled Square microstrip antenna. In India cell towers transmit in the frequency range of 869- 890 MHz in CDMA, 935-960MHz in GSM 900 and 1810-1880MHz in GSM 1800 bands. A single patch antenna provides a maximum directive gain of around 6-9 dBi.

Effect of Input power

EH circuit consists of diodes, which are non-linear

devices, the circuit itself exhibits non-linear.

The impedence of EH circuit varies by the amount of

power received from the antenna.

RF EH from the multiple antennas

The use of multiple antenna in addition to the existing

circuits the amount of EH can be increased depending on the number of antennas implimented. By using this mode does not increase the efficiency of the circuit.

Applications: Bulk Trickle Charging

Freedom of placement Eliminate wires and connectors Automatic/transparent charging Multiple battery types/chemistry

www.powercastco.com
2012 Powercast Corporation

20

future for energy harvesting?

System integration
Low power electronics Falling costs

Conclusions
Harvesters must supply sufficient power from

immediately available energy sources and meet the full operating condition requirements . A RF Energy Harvesting system is designed with a high gain electromagnetically coupled antenna is developed. Because of the development of low power circuits made possible to use the RF as power source.

References

N. Kumar and G. Kumar, Biological Effects of Cell Tower Radiation on Human Body, IEEE Conf. ISMOT, pp.1365-1368, Aug. 2012.

Z. W. Sim, R. Shuttleworth, and B. Grieve Investigation of PCB Microstrip patch receiving antenna for outdoor RF energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks, IEEE Conf. Antenna and Propagation Conference, Loughborough, pp.129-132, Feb. 2012
A.C. Patel, et al, Power Harvesting for Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Conf. Antenna and Propagation Conference, Loughborough, pp.633-636, Nov. 2009 V.Rizzoli, et al, CAD Multi-Resonator rectenna for micro power generation. Proc. of 4th European Microwave Conference, pp.1684-168, Sep. 2009.