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CONTROL UNIT
MAIN MEMORY
+1
IR
CONTROL SIGNALS
MBR
LATCH
ALU
CONTROL SIGNALS
BUS 1
BUS 3
MAR
usually at least 32 general purpose registers frequently some so-called gp registers have dedicated use usually contain one computer word can be accessed in one CPU cycle serve as source of operands serve as destination of results temporarily store intermediate results serve as index registers to access arrays
Characteristics of registers
Functions of registers
Specialized registers
program counter stack pointer frame pointer base register instruction register memory address register memory buffer register some systems use general purpose registers to perform some of these functions faster program execution shorter instruction formats address mode flexibility
stores address of next instruction to execute must be incremented after each instruction may be changed by function call or jump controls flow of program execution
holds instruction while it is being decoded opcode field provides input to control system indicating operation to perform contains addresses of operands to be used in operation contains destination address of result contains information about addressing modes to be used
performs arithmetic and logical functions add, subtract, multiply, divide, complement, shiftetc. function performed is determined by the control signals received will have input and output latches to hold operands and results
MAR
holds address of the location in memory to be accessed this may be the address of the next instruction to be fetched may be the address of an operand to be read from memory may be the address of information to be written to memory
MBR
holds values to be transferred between main memory and the CPU data or instructions read from memory values to be written to memory most modern machines are capable of transferring more than a single word
Control Unit
provides control signals necessary to control the hardware of the CPU may be hardwired
signals are generated by a combinational logic circuit faster less flexible harder to design and debug signals are stored in control memory slower than hardwired more flexible easier to design and debug
may be microprogrammed
control signals are needed to control functions of various hardware units and to direct the flow of information within the CPU
Main Memory
used to store programs and data volatile usually uses DRAMdynamic random access memory
slower than static ram must be refreshed requires fewer transistors to implement improves packing density on ICallowing larger, cheaper memories retrieve a single byte per memory access
can be organized to access a full word or even multiple words per access cache memory is a distinct memory positioned between the CPU and MM
a bus is an information path connecting the various functional units within the CPU generally will be capable of transmitting one entire word in parallel
the CPU will have multiple buses to improve the information transfer options within the CPU to maximize the flexibility and parallelism of the system