An Introduction To RF Anechoic Chamber Technology

Copyright 2003, ETS-Lindgren, L.P.
An Introduction to RF
Anechoic Chamber
Technology

Vicente Rodriguez, Ph.D.
ETS-Lindgren
1301 Arrow Point Dr.
Cedar Park, TX, 78613
Vicente.Rodriguez@ets-lindgren.com

SUMMARY
The Chamber Family
Absorber Materials
The EMC Chamber
The antenna Chamber
Tapered and Rectangular.
RCS chambers
References

Chamber Types: Two Main Families
EMC testing
Properties: Semi-free space or
half free space
Absorber: FS-1500,1000,600,400
(polyurethane) and FS-
1250,600,400 PS and EMC-24,
(for High frequency applications
other absorber may be used).
Design tools: In-House Software
Std. Doc: ANSI C63.4-1992/1998;
EN50147-2 (semi-anechoic),-
3(fully anechoic),-1(shielding
test); VCCI V98.3 (Japanese);

RCS and Antenna.
Properties: Fully anechoic.
Absorber: EHP series absorbers
RCS: mostly military
applications, is a chamber to
measure radar cross section of a
target
Antenna: military and
commercial, these are chambers
to measure the radiation pattern
of a radiator, could be an
antenna or an antenna plus other
system.
The Absorber Family 1
Microwave
Pyramidal absorber.
EMC and EHP series

Electric Losses

Preferred technology
for High frequencies
It can be used for low
frequencies if size
(length) is increased
Ferrite Tile .
Magnetic Losses
Preferred technology
for Low frequencies (up
to 1GHz), it has low
profile.

It cannot be used for
high frequencies
Hybrid Absorber .

Electric and Magnetic Losses

Preferred technology for EMC
Applications. foam has to have
special formula for good
matching with ferrite tile at the
bottom. At High frequencies its
performance is not as good as
MW pyramid of equal size. Flat
top causes undesired reflections
at MW range.
Flat laminate .

Electric Losses

Preferred technology for
laboratory set ups. It is a
sandwich of different foams.

About 20dB absorption as
frequency increases.
Wedge and pyramid

Electric Losses

A variant of pyramidal
absorber wedge does not show
backscattering. Preferred
technology for QZ treatment
and for RCS chambers.
Popular types of absorber have constitutive parameters of:
1 2
1
j
r
r
~
=
c
Non magnetic material

Low permittivity with losses
We will study how the electromagnetic wave behaves as is
incident on to a wall of this type of absorber.
This material is
volumetrically
loaded having
the same
constitutive
parameters
through the
volume of the
pyramid
Pyramidal Absorber Theory (Example)

At the tip of the
absorber
The wave
impedance is that
of air
At the base of the pyramid
The wave impedance becomes
o
Z 0 377Z =
o
j
Z 3 . 13 252
1 2
377
Z =
=
Along the length of the
pyramid the wave
impedance falls between
those two values.


( )
( )
dB e e
j j j j
x
m
Np
o
38 0123 . 0
22 35 . 0
35 . 0 46 . 1 " '
1 . 0 22 2 2
1 . 0
2
1 . 0
2 2
= = = =
= =
= =
o
t
t
o
c c
Lets
assume a
length of
30cm
The
wavelength
at 3GHz is
10cm
And at
10GHz is
30mm
Lets approximate by saying that the
pyramid is equivalent to a solid medium
of 1/3 the height
For 3GHz
Wavelength
at 3GHz
Approximate thickness of
equivalent solid material

( )
( )
dB e e
j j j j
x
m
Np
o
127 10 29 . 4
73 35 . 0
35 . 0 46 . 1 " '
7 1 . 0 73 2 2
03 . 0
2
03 . 0
2 2
= = = =
= =
= =
o
t
t
o
c c
Lets approximate by saying that the
pyramid is equivalent to a solid medium
of 1/3 the height
For 10GHz
Wavelength
at 3GHz
Approximate thickness
of equivalent solid
material
In practice the reflection coefficient may not be as small as this but it will be significantly
Smaller than at 3GHz

EMC Chamber
Design is guided by the
standards and the test that the
customer is going to perform.
Frequency range is from 30 to
1000MHz
At what distance is the
measurement (3m, 5m,10m)?
Are we testing immunity or
emissions?
The chamber must perform as
if it was an infinite ground
plane in an infinite open space
NSA is a measurement of how
close we are to this goal.
Std.Docs call for NSA being
within +- 4dB of the theoretical.
4m
1m
1,3,5,10m
EMC Chamber
A
B
D Tx1
Tx2
Qzd
Qzs
abs
abs
abs
Rx2
Rx1
Dsin(o)
o
m Qzs m Rx where
abs Qzs Rx Qzd D A
1 , 2 1 :
2 1 2
= =
+ + + + =
Rx1 can be a minimum of 1.5m

It is desirable that o > 0 so that
reflections from the side walls
Do not arrive in phase to the test
area.
There are some rules that can be
applied when sizing an EMC
Chamber once the test distance
and the quiet zone size are
known
EMC Chamber
The FCC asks that the
performance of that anechoic
chamber matches that of an out
door range.

The Normalize Site Attenuation
(NSA) is measured.

Another common measurement
for qualification is the field
uniformity measurement
A
H
D
Tx1
1m
abs
abs
1 4 meter scan
1.5m
2m
EMC Chamber
A typical standard will have wording similar to this:
ANSI C 63.4-1992 5.4.2, Alternate test Sites: Measurements can be
made at a location other than an OATS, ... Provided that the alternate site
meets the site attenuation requirements of 5.4.6 over the volume occupied
by the EUT, and the ground plane requirements of 5.4.3

What this means is that it must be shown that the
chamber performs like an infinite ground plane
with no obstructions anywhere.
Chamber Validation Requirements
Vertical Polarization VNSA
EMC Chamber

Horizontal Polarization HNSA
EMC Chamber

Testing the Uniform Area according EN 61000-4-3. For chambers where immunity measurements will
be performed it may be required to test the FU according to a given standard. this will show that the
reflections from the wall do not affect the field.
0.5 m
0.5 m
0.8 m
This plane includes the uniform area, 12 from 16 points of E-Field are within +6/-0 dB.
EMC Chamber

EMC Chamber: Partially lined
chambers
Mil Std chambers and some other aircraft
and SAE EMC standard documents call for
partial absorber treatment chambers.
Frequencies for use start in the 100 of
MHz.
Not looking for a half free space.
Absorber is loading the cavity (chamber) to
reduce any resonant behavior.
EMC24 absorber is enough for these
applications.(A pyramidal specially loaded
absorber)

EUT Bench
1m
EMC Chamber: Mil Std Chamber
Mil Std 461 Defines the size of the chamber in terms if the EUT being measured,
EUT size determines the size of the chamber. The sketches bellow show the
standard MIL-STD chamber offered by ETS-Lindgren.

Mil Std 461E
What is it?
Department of Defense: Requirements
for the control of electromagnetic
interference characteristics of
subsystems and equipment
So it is a complete Standard for all
different EMC measurements
Mil Std 461E
Mil Std 461 E came to be in
August 20 1999

It superseding both
Mil Std 461D and Mil Std 462D
Which passed away
(rest in peace)

Mil Std 461E
Mil Std 461E
Is made of
many parts
(which one
are YOU
interested
in)
Conducted
Radiated
Emissions
Susceptibility
Emissions
Susceptibility
Mil Std 461E Conducted
Conducted
Emissions
Susceptibility
CE 101
CE 102
CE 106
CS 101
CS 103
CS 104
CS 105
CS 109
CS 114
CS 115
CS 116
Emissions
CE
CE 101
CE 102
CE 106
Conducted Emissions, power leads 30HZ-10KHz
Conducted Emissions, power leads 10KHz-10MHz
Conducted Emissions, Antenna terminal, 10KHz to
40GHz
No chamber required
Shielded room
recommended.

LISN, receivers,
Ocope, data
recorders, sig gens,
Current probe, etc
are part of the
required Equipment
Susceptibility (Immunity)
CS
CS 101
CS 103
CS 104
CS 105
CS 109
CS 114
CS 115
CS 116
Conducted Susceptibility, Power leads, 30Hz, to 150KHz
Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation, 15KHz to
10GHz
Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, rejection of Undesired
signals, 30Hz to 20GHz
Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross-modulation, 30Hz to
20GHz
Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current, 60Hz to 100KHz
Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, 10kHz to 200Mhz
Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse excitation
Conducted Susceptibility,Damped Sinusoidal transients, cables and
power leads, 10KHz to 100MHz
Mil Std 461E Radiated
Radiated
Emissions
Susceptibility
RE 101
RE 103
RE 105
RS 101
RS 103
RS 105
Emissions
RE
RE 101
RE 102
RE 105
Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field, 30Hz to 100KHz
Radiated Emissions, Electric Field, 10KHz to 18GHz
Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and
harmonic Outputs, 10KHz to 40GHz
Susceptibility (Immunity)
RE
RS 101
RS 103
RS 105
Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field, 30Hz to 100KHz
Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, 2MHz to 18GHz
Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic
field
Mil Std 461E Where do we
test?
Paragraph 4.3.2
Paragraph 4.3.2.1
To prevent interaction between the EUT and the outside
environment, SHIELDED ENCLOSURES will be usually
required for testing
RF absorber material shall be used when performing
RE and RS testing inside a shielded enclosure
The RF absorber shall be placed above, behind and on
both sides of the EUT, and behind the radiating or
receiving antenna
The Absorber Family
EMC-24
Mil Std 461E requirements
TABLE I page 10

6dB absorption 80Mhz to 250Mhz
10dB absorption 250Mhz and above
Mil Std Chamber side view

Mil Std Chamber Side View

Mil Std Chamber RE and RS
Equipment
RE101
RECOMMENDED REQUIRED
CHAMBER
EMCO 3725-2M
Current Probe
EMCO 4-TR
EMCO 7604
Equipment
RE103
REQUIRED
CHAMBER
EMCO 3725-2M
EMCO 4-TR
EMCO 7-TR
EMCO 3301B
EMCO 3110B
EMCO 3106
EMCO 3115
MIL STD 461E does not longer accept Log Periodic and spiral Logs only
double ridge horns above 200MHz
Equipment
RS101
RECOMMENDED REQUIRED
CHAMBER
EMCO 3725-2M
Current Probe
EMCO 4-TR
EMCO 7605/7606
Equipment
RS103
REQUIRED
CHAMBER
EMCO 3725-2M
EMCO 4-TR
EMCO 7-TR
EMCO 3301B
EMCO 3109
EMCO 3106
EMCO 3115
MIL STD 461E does not longer accept Log Periodic and spiral Logs only
double ridge horns above 200MHz
Equipment
RS103
paragraph 5.19.4, states that an accepted method is the mode tuned
reberveration chamber, the range is 200MHz to 40GHz, for the reverb log
periodics can be used since pattern is no longer an issue
CISPR 25
Limits and methods of measurement of radio
disturbance characteristics for the protection of
receivers used on board vehicles
This means that we measure the emissions that would
affect any receiver in the vehicle. Is another self
immunity standard, of how vehicle receivers are
immune to radiated emissions from its own systems
SAE J 551-4 and SAE J 1113-41 are equivalent
standards
CISPR 25
Covers the frequency range from 150KHz- 1000MHz
When an absorber lined chamber is used the
absorption of the material has to be better than 6dB for
the range 70MHz and up.
For the chamber testing of subsystems a monopole is
used for the range 150KHz to 30MHz, for 30MHz to
200MHz a biconical antenna is used, the log periodic is
used for the range 200MHz-1000MHz. For equipment
testing a TEM cell can be used.
EMC Chamber: CISPR 25 Chamber
The CISPR-25 calls for reflectivity in the EUT area to be better
than 6dB.
There is no method for testing this.
Normal incidence performance of absorber is the best way to
determine the reflectivity in the area given the test geometry

A recommended practice is to map the field along the cable
harness although the standard does not mentions anything
about any chamber validation method. This method can help
compare the results in two different chambers.

CISPR 25 Chamber Side View (Bicon)
CISPR 25 Chamber Side View (Bicon)
CISPR 25 Chamber Monopole Testing
Apart from component testing the CISPR 25 rooms could
accommodate some vehicle testing if the floor is reinforced.

CISPR 25 TEM Cells
Additionally CISPR 25 allows for testing of
equipment in TEM cells and other TEM like
devices
Automotive Testing:
A Short Introduction
50
Every manufacturer has its own
requirements (usually very difficult to
meet).
Automotive standards are actually
rather simple.
The most common are SAE, ISO and
95/54 EC. These usually are copies of
each other with small difference.
The previous slides look at the FACT
25 chamber which can be used for
automotive component testing for all
these standards.
A short introduction to emission testing
of whole vehicles is presented now
Automotive Testing:
51
The 10m emission testing
locates the antenna 10m from
the outer shell of the vehicle
The antenna is not scan but
located at 3m height. (For 3m
testing the antenna is located at
1.8meters.
Both sides of the vehicle and
both polarizations are tested
10 meters
LPDA

BICONICAL

HORN
10 meters
10 meters
Automotive Testing:
52
The antenna is to be
in line with the
middle point of the
engine compartment.
A two antenna
position chamber
makes the test much
easier
Plane of longitudinal symmetry
10 meters
mid point of engine
compartment
Antenna in line with
mid point of engine
compartment
10 meters
The antenna not in use is set
At a different polarization to
reduce coupling between antennas
10 meters
EMC Chamber
There are a lot of different Standards in EMC. When a
different standard request appears the RF engineer must
analyze the requirements of the standard and
recommend a proper solution.
Also customers may have their own special requirements.
Their company may have internal requirements for
testing. RF engineering analysis must be conducted to see
how to meet these requirements (or if is even possible to
meet them.
Most chambers are required to meet several standards.

The purpose of these chambers is to measure the radiation
pattern and characteristics of a radiator

Antenna Chamber: Requirements
Requirements
1. Frequency range:

2. Far field Requirement:

3. Quiet Zone Size:
This may determine if a tapered or
rectangular chamber should be used
Directly related to the previous
requirement since is related to the
wavelength at the lowest frequency:

The far field distance will determine
the path length and hence the
chamber length.
freq. lowest
2
2
d
S =
d
Requirements
3. Quiet Zone Size:

4. Source Antenna Selection:
Test region where the level of
reflected energy is equal or smaller
than certain specified value

Must be large enough to encompass
the largest antenna being measured:

It also determines the size of the
chamber, the rule of thumb is that
width and height of chamber be at
least 3 times the Qz diameter or side.
Can be:
Spherical
Cubical volume
Cylindrical
Requirements
4. Source Antenna Selection:

5. Back wall
Considerations:
Rectangular chamber: the source antenna
must have a pattern that illuminates the whole
Qz while avoiding the side walls.

Tapered chambers: Small antennas better.
15dB gain at least. No LPDA as phase center
moves.
Absorber normal incidence must be at least
equal to Qz level, avoid lights, cameras and
doors, ( for both rectangular and tapered.)
Rectangular
Free Space condition
What Antennas can be
measured? Omni-directional
and directional.

Tapered
Quasi-free Space.
Absorber treatment is used to create a
far field free space behavior of the
waves at the location of the antenna
under test.
Lower frequency antenna patterns can
be measured
It can be used for High frequency
testing but positioning of the source
antenna is critical
Antenna Chambers: Rectangular and
Tapered
Antenna Chambers: Rectangular and
Tapered
CRITERIA RECTANGULAR TAPERED
Antenna Patterns Poor at LF, good at
mid and HF
Good at Low Mid and
High F
Source placement Not critical Critical at HF
Source antenna Limited by Far field 15dB directivity
Axial ratio <0.1dB <0.5dB
Cross polarization > 35dB >25dB
Swept frequency
measurements
Ideal configuration Not recommended
Amplitude taper (Qz) Freq. independent Freq. Dependent
Phase deviation (Qz) Freq. independent Freq. Dependent
Boresite error low Potentially high
Antenna Chamber Rectangular I

Pyramid
Top (or side view)

Pyramid
Pyramid
A
B

Pyramid
Qz
2
Path length
( )
( ) depth absorber 2 4
y accuratell more or 3
depth absorber 2
freq. lowest
2
freq. lowest
2
+ + =
=
=
+ + =
Qz B
Qz B
PL
Qz PL A
d
Antenna Chamber Rectangular II
Qz
Path length
Design of Rectangular chambers:
The application of the chamber will determine the Qz size and the Path length and
with it the size of the chamber

Determining the specular performance:
Based on the thickness of absorber the
behavior at different incident angles can be
computed.
Assume a chamber with: width B; path
length L; Qz radius r, then

|
u
r B d
L
d
d
L
=
=
=
) ( tan
) ( tan
1
1
u
|
d
B r
It is desirable to have | <45
Antenna Chamber Rectangular III
Qz
Path length
With the value of | it is possible (based on the thickness of the absorber in terms of
wavelengths) to determine the expected reflectivity.

With the known directivity of the antenna and
The knowledge of u it is possible to compute
The gain of the antenna in that direction

The reflection at the edge of the quiet zone
Is given by:

Where R is the absorber reflectivity and G is the gain of the source antenna
|
u
u | at at
G R Qz + =
ty reflectivi
Antenna Chamber: The Absorber
Treatment
Back wall
(receive end wall)
Side wall
Normal Reflectivity better than QZ level
Oblique incidence Reflectivity with off
main beam gain better than QZ level
Treatment
Side wall absorber is only needed on those areas
where a specular reflection exists between the
source and the QZ
Everywhere else
shorter absorber can
be used
Treatment
Transmit end wall absorber can have a reflectivity
that when added to the front to back ratio of the
source antenna it meets the required QZ level
Treatment
1. For a given pyramid element size chosen there is no expected backscattering
component. The scattered field is a sum of all the possible grating lobe waves
which propagate in different directions, Only those where the following condition
is satisfied contribute to the scattering at a distance [*]

2. For m=0 and n=0 we have specular reflection only. For higher order modes to
propagate we see that the period of the structure has to be larger than the
wavelength

3. [*] W. Sun, C. Balanis Analysis and Design of Periodic Absorbers by Finite-Difference
Frequency-Domain Method report No. TRC-EM-WS-9301 Telecommunications
Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 1993.
2
2
2
2 2
k
D
n
k
D
m
k
x
i
x
y
i
y
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
t t
D
D
< <
t t 2 2
Treatment
At high frequencies the antenna under test may re-
scattered the backscattered energy from the
pyramidal absorber surrounding it
Treatment
1. Traditionally in RCS chambers the backscatter of the side walls
(and ceiling/floor pair) is to be reduced using Wedge. By using
wedge around the QZ section of the chamber we can improve
the quality of the measurements at high frequencies
Treatment

Pyramid
Top (or side view)

Pyramid
Pyramid
A
B

Pyramid
Qz
2
Wedge
Wedge
Far Field and QZ
QZ
) (x f
Absorber reflectivity, chamber size,
Gain of source antenna
FF
) (x f
Antenna size and frequency of operation
Far Field and QZ
QZ reflectivity can be found. For any frequency.
But that does not imply that the whole QZ is in the FF
) (x f
Knowing the chamber size, absorber layout,
Gain of source antenna, and QZ diameter
Far Field and QZ
If the path length is fixed
That it is possible to
determine what is the QZ
diameter that will be in the
far field assuming
illumination by spherical
waves from a point source
at the location of the
source antenna
Far Field and QZ

ANECHOIC CHAMBER DESIGN SUMMARY
Job # : 0 Customer: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
19-Aug-03 Location: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
SPHERICAL Quiet Zone 2 ft. dia.
Receive Endwall Abs Size = EHP-24 EHP- 24 CL
Specular Region Abs Size = EHP-18 EHP- 18 CL
Dimensions are (LxWxH)= 20 x 10 x 10
Path Length (ft) = 13
RCV Ant. Discrimination added
Angle of Incidence = 57.3 Degrees
SIDE WALLS, FLOOR/CEILING CALCULATIONS FOR
ANECHOIC CHAMBER QUIET ZONE PERFORMANCE
WORST CASE

Frequency Wavelength Thickness/ Absorber Spec 5 10 15 18
(MHz) (inches) Reflectivity (-DB)
1000 11.82 1.52 24 25 25 27 35 38
2000 5.91 3.05 33 34 36 43 45
2500 4.73 3.81 35 35 37 39 47 51
7000 1.69 10.66 48 50 49 51 55 55
8000 1.48 12.18 50 50 52 55 55
9000 1.31 13.71 52 50 51 53 55 55
14000 0.84 21.32 53 52 53 55 55
18000 0.66 27.41 53 50 52 53 55 55
Source Antenna Gain (DB)
GUARANTEED PERFORMANCE
So for a given size
Chamber we can
provide the QZ
reflectivity for a set of
frequencies and
different source
antenna gains.

The example shows a
20ft by 10ft by 10 ft
chamber with 18 and
24 absorber and a 2ft
diameter QZ.
Far Field and QZ

But of the given 2ft of
QZ and for a fixed 13ft
path length only
smaller spheres are in
the FF of the source
antenna
freq (MHz) c lambda QZ ft QZ m PL m PL ft
1000 3.00E+08 0.3 2.5 0.762 3.87096 13
2000 3.00E+08 0.15 1.8 0.54864 4.013411 13
3000 3.00E+08 0.1 1.45 0.44196 3.906573 13
4000 3.00E+08 0.075 1.25 0.381 3.87096 13
6000 3.00E+08 0.05 1.05 0.32004 4.097024 13
8000 3.00E+08 0.0375 0.9 0.27432 4.013411 13
10000 3.00E+08 0.03 0.8 0.24384 3.963863 13
18000 3.00E+08 0.016667 0.6 0.18288 4.013411 13
40000 3.00E+08 0.0075 0.4 0.12192 3.963863 13
Antenna Chamber Tapered I
Top (or side view)

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid
Qz
2
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge

Pyramid

Tapered chamber concept was develop to avoid the deficiencies of the Rectangular
chambers at low frequencies
At frequencies below 500MHz: Horns are no longer an option (very large).
Less efficient antennas must be used.
The thickness of the side wall absorber has to be
increased to allow for good
performance (and the chamber size
increases to accommodate absorber).

Tapered chambers do not eliminate the specular reflection. The specular region is located
close to the aperture of the source antenna.

The resulting Quiet Zone amplitude
and phase tapers approach those
Expected in free-space hence the term

QUASI-FREE-SPACE
Antenna Chamber Tapered II
Top (or side view)

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid
Qz
2
Testing antenna
Std Horn or ridge horn dipole minimum, No Log Periodic (phase center moves
away from the side walls)
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge

Pyramid
This area absorber is critical
This area
absorber is less
than
thickness
Antenna Chamber Tapered III
Top (or side view)

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid
Qz
2
Wedge
Wedge
Wedge

Pyramid
1. Qz needs to be 1/3w clear from the sides
2. half wavelength clear from absorber tips

3. Apex angle less than 28 deg. Hence length

( ) depth absorber 2 4
y accuratell more or 3
freq. lowest
+ + =
=
Qz B
Qz B
o
LF
B
Length
28
2 width) (absorber
2
tan
2
s
+ + ~
|
.
|
\
|
o
o
o
RCS Chambers I
To measure Radar cross
section
We only want reflection
from the target
Wedge is used on part of
the walls, ceiling and floor
to reduce reflections from
incidence on the flat part
of the pyramids.
The target illumination
mechanism changes
depending on frequency
and type of radar.

Pyramid

Pyramid
Top (or side view)
Wedge
Wedge
Pyramid

Pyramid
A/3
A
B
The RCS Chamber
To measure Radar cross section (That is, the energy that bounces back from
a target to the source of the original incident signal MONOSTATIC, or to a
receiver located at a different point BISTATIC)
We only want reflection from the target coming back
Wedge is used on part of the walls, ceiling and floor to reduce reflections
from incidence on the flat part of the pyramids.

RCS Chambers II
Reflection of the back wall will
limit how small of a RCS can be
measured in the chamber.

Assuming a good target
illumination system is used the
RCS of the back wall can be
given by the RCS of an infinite
reflective wall

Minus the normal incidence
reflectivity of the absorber
placed on the back wall.
2
D RCS t o = =
D
RCS Chamber: Target Illumination
Always try to reduce the any energy going to
the side walls.
Two antennas (one receive one transmit)
One antenna (receive and transmit)
Compact range reflector
Top (or side view)

Pyramid
Wedge
Wedge
Pyramid

Pyramid
A/3
A
B

Pyramid
Top (or side view)

Pyramid
Wedge
Wedge
Pyramid

Pyramid
A/3
A
B

Pyramid
Top (or side view)

Pyramid
Wedge
Wedge
Pyramid

Pyramid
A/3
A
B

Pyramid
References
Brownell F. P. Radio Frequency Anechoic
Chambers lecture materials, Microwave Antenna
Measurement short Course, fb Consultants
Camarillo,California.
Kraus J. D. Antennas, 2d Ed. McGraw Hill:
Boston, Ma, 1988.
Balanis C. A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and
design, 2d Ed, Wiley: New York, NY, 1997.
Liu K. Private Communication

An Introduction To RF Anechoic Chamber Technology

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