Micowave Survey Knowledge-20080226-A

Security Level:
Microwave SURVEY Knowledge

FIELD TELECOMMUNICATION SURVEY
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential

Contents
1) Introduction - Survey definition - Objectives / scope - On site methodology - On path methodology * Los: Urban, long haul 2) List of tools used during the survey 3) Data and survey report - Site visit / On path data collection - Survey report 4) Proprietary application software - Azimuth - Profile - Pathloss 5) Link budget calculation - ITU-R recommendation - Link budget calculation - North American (nNA) and ITU-R Path Reliability
(Outage) Calculation
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Contents
1) Introduction - Survey definition - Objectives / scope - On site methodology - On path methodology * Los: Urban, long haul 2) List of tools used during the survey 3) Data and survey report - Site visit / On path data collection - Survey report 4) Proprietary application software - Azimuth - Profile - Pathloss 5) Link budget calculation - ITU-R recommendation - Link budget calculation - Climate / Terrain / Rain charts
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INTRODUCTION
Survey definition
A survey is a mission on site to verify the feasibility of a telecommunication network with the objective of meeting the customer specification, but also optimizing the coverage and minimizing the cost.
The survey is a key element in the implementation of a project. The success of a network implementation depends on the accuracy of the survey. No survey (or a poor survey) may lead to mistakes in the technical project Obstruction, tower to be expanded (extra civil works )
Delays, subscribers cut Penalties and other damages ..
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Contents
1) Introduction - Survey definition - Objectives / scope - On site methodology - On path methodology * Los: Urban, long haul 2) List of tools used during the survey 3) Data and survey report - Site visit / On path data collection - Survey report 4) Proprietary application software - Azimuth - Profile - Pathloss 5) Link budget calculation - ITU-R recommendation - Link budget calculation - North American (NA) and ITU-R Path Reliability (Outage) Calculations
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INTRODUCTION
Objective / scope
The main objectives of a RF survey are summarized here under:
Confirm the need expressed by the customer. Confirm or foresee the precise localization of the stations. Confirm the network or the system design. Collect the necessary informations for system configuration and engineering devices. When applicable, clarify with the customer Engineering details such as antenna mounting constraints, equipment consumption, access roads and actions to be taken by the Customer during the implementation. Note and anticipate the difficulties to be expected during the implementation: logistics, installation, climatic condition, access, etc. ...
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Contents
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
How to proceed ?
Conditions:
During site survey, a Customer representative should always be present. He will be a facilitator (obtain permission to access the sites, find terrain and landlords, when applicable negotiate the site chosen, coordinate administrative process etc.)
Map study / analysis of customer's preliminary Network design:

This preliminary part will be carried out in order to : identify the sites to be served determine the exact co-ordinates and altitude of the sites to be served and if necessity of repeaters if any establish the path profiles (not applicable in dense urban, line of sight checked visually) estimate the antenna height (tower height) establish a preliminary network structure estimate the size of antennas
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
Site study:
The visit of the sites defined previously will be carried out in order to confirm , determine or modify:
the actual possibility to use the site chosen on the map. the actual co-ordinates and altitude of the site. the precise location (to be marked ), where station will be implemented the availability and access to commercial power if needed any existing antennas the height and type of the tower according to the specificity of the site and obstacles encountered any close range obstacles the network structure / system layout obtain site call signs if available (North America) Site address (North America) Obtain tower registrations if needed (North America)
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
The information collected will be useful:

For project engineer
Defined network Controlled profiles Defined engineering PABX data Frequency data
For realization team

Access plan Site lay out Elevation plans Indoor layout plans Lists of installation equipment
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
I) 1st STATION: any microwave system
1- Altitude measurement
Choose a reference point Perform double measurement (reference altimeter + measuring altimeter)
2- Site coordinate calculation and transcription on the map

Positioning (measurment from know map reference point), triangulation, GPS
3- Scaled and directed block plan (site sketch)

It shall show: the radio building tower with possible guy wires power supply building(s) fences access points to the station notification of possible obstructions in the near field
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
4- Tower elevation layout
tower height / obtain tower registration number (North America only) structure (hip, wind bracing, batter) V and H cable routes (structure) coverage of existing antennas and those to be supplied report on tower's ground connections
5- Indoor layout
layout of existing equipment layout of equipment to be supplied secondary energy routing LF signal routing Feeder routing
6- Existing frequency list
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
7- Fill in the data sheet
Develop on site engineering chart and fill in the bill of quantity Take photos
II) 2nd STATION (Repeater station)

1- Altitude measurement 2- Coordinate calculation 3- Distance and azimuth calculation with the help of the calculator or GPS 4- Site lay out plan (with station azimuth enclosed) 5- Tower elevation plan 6- Indoor layout plan 7- Data sheet - engineering chart - "Bill of quantity". 8- Link budget in case the type of antenna is unknown
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
III) In the evening, at the hotel
1- Computerize the data sheet 2- Define the profile on map and computerize it 3- Develop the link budget 4- Organize the work load of the next day
IV) Methodology to be used for new stations

1- Look on site for the best, locate it on the map. The location shall be accessible and free from radio obstructions.Take into account power supply distribution. Close to medium, low or high voltage power supply. 2- Altitude measurement and coordinate calculation 3- Calculation of azimuths and distances 4- Localization of possible obstructions 5- Development of a profile if no station visibility 6- Calculation of tower height to define the area required
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INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
7- Control of critical points (altitude and vegetation measurement) to arrange aerial height 8- Site layout 9- Elevation drawing 10- Indoor layout drawing if required 11- Data sheet, engineering chart, Access map if necessary 12- Tower, building and mark stacking 13- Photos
This procedure is applicable for any network, microwave system and surveyor.
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Contents
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INTRODUCTION
On path methodology
I) Urban
1When the network is located in a urban area, 99% of the links are short or very short distances. In this case, if the end far site is visible with naked eye (or binocular) and adequate clearance is obsereved, the surveyor can supposed that the LOS is good. Because the topographic contour information is usually less controlling (clearances are usually controlled by structures in a heavy urban environment) the path profile is sometimes less significant in determining LOS.
II)
1-
Long Haul
In this case, even with binoculars, it may not be possible to confirm the LOS. Consequently, a preliminary path profile must be done with topographics maps and after field survey, the same path profile must be confirmed with the new field inputs (coordinates, altitude, vegetation height)
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LIST OF TOOLS USED DURING THE SURVEY

List of equipment
1 "pilot case" including:
2 THOMMEN altimeters 1 CHAIX compass 1 GPS + Antenna 1 Portable PC 1 printer 1 camera 1 pair of binoculars with compass inside 1 Safety harness 1 50 m tape 1 5m tape Inclinometer Flashing Mirrors
Grounding tester Post and spray paint for site marking
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1 set of accessories:
1 Drawing board 1 map-meter 1 programmable calculator 1 high-power magnifier Flexible rules, protractors, squars 1 pair of drawing compasses 1 set of drawing pencils and erasers DB scale for coordinate plot
The following tools will be added if necessary

Compass
Chaix degree compass
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Digital altimeter
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Contents
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DATA AND SURVEY REPORT

Site visit
If the visited site is an existing one, the following points will be

checked and registered.
Site lay out on which will appear the different elements such as: tower,
tower guy anchors, buildings, fences, close range obstacles.
Obtain (North America only):

Call Sign Tower registration number Street address
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Site visit
For a tower:
Height, structure , legs and bracing dimensions at necessary heights Types and length of vertical and horizontal waveguide runways Location , types and directions of existing antennas Locations available for the new antennas Locations available for the new feeders or coaxial cables Tower and waveguide runways earthing Tower registration number (North America only)
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Site visit For a building:
Location of existing equipments Frequencies of existing equipments
Location available for proposed equipments

Distribution frames and blocks location for customer access and remote alarms connection
AC and DC power availability and access , capacity installed and used

Earthing devices, availability, connection possibilities Cable ways : availability , extensions required, available WG ports.

Site visit
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Site visit
Station: JESENIK Room for transmission equipment
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Site visit
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Contents
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Survey report The results will be presented in a Survey Report which will give the
following information:
Site information sheet indicating: the access, co-ordinates, altitude, etc.... Site access detailed plan (if necessary) Site lay out Building lay out Equipments rooms lay out showing the location of: existing transmission equipment, AC and DC power equipment, distribution frame, earthing, etc....and proposed location for the new one
Tower sketch indicating the: location of existing antennas, available

and proposed locations for the new ones, structure of the tower
Path profile of every microwave link (if applicable) Network diagram indicating azimuths and distances Path azimuth photo
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Pictures of the most relevant elements

Survey report Specific spreadsheet
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Contents
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PROPRIETARY APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Software application
HARRIS has developed software application TOOLS called Pathloss to

facilitate network design:
1 AZIMUTH : network topology 2 PROFILE : link profiles 3 PATH CALCULATION : point-to-point point-multipoint link budget 4 FREQUENCIES INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS 5 EQUIPMENT LIST & SUMMARY
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Azimuth
Objective: Draw the network layout and calculate the distances and
the azimuts between the various stations.
Input data:
Station names Station coordinates and altitudes Type of architecture Link between the stations Distance to the previous station Azimut to the previous station Site angle to the previous station Layout of the network
Output data:
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Azimuth
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Azimuth
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Contents
1) Introduction - Survey definition - Objectives / scope - On site methodology - On path methodology * Los: Urban, long haul 2) List of tools used during the survey 3) Data and survey report - Site visit / On path data collection - Survey report 4) Proprietary application software
- Azimuth
- Profile - Pathloss 5) Link budget calculation - ITU-R recommendation - Link budget calculation - North American (NA) and ITU-R Path Reliability (Outage) Calculations

Profile
Objective: Draw the path profile between 2 stations, taking into

account the clutter and the earth factor.
Input data:
Station names Station and antenna altitudes Frequency Earth factor Specified clearance Distance, altitude and vegetation of several points between the 2 stations
Output data:
Drawing of the profile Critical point and clearance in this point Optimal antenna heights
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Profile
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Profile
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Path Calculation:
Objective: calculate the link budgets for point-to-multipoint equipment,

identify the antennas sizes, guarantee the availability compliance with ITU Rec./ Vigants 1975
Input data:
Frequency Hop length Fading parameters Stations name Feeder types & lengths Antenna types Equipment losses Transmit power Depointing and reflection losses
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Path Calculation:
Output data :
Free space losses Wave guide losses RF received level Gross and net margins Outage time hop per hop and cumulated Compliance status with objectives
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Microwave Worksheet - A-B.pl4
Path Calculation
Elevation (m) Latitude Longitude True azimuth () Vertical angle () Antenna model Antenna height (m) Antenna gain (dBi) TX line type TX line length (m) TX line unit loss (dB /100 m) TX line loss (dB) Connector loss (dB) Antenna model Antenna height (m) Antenna gain (dBi) TX line type TX line length (m) TX line unit loss (dB /100 m) TX line loss (dB) Connector loss (dB) Frequency (MHz) Polarization
A 2.00 13 56 01.00 N 100 34 08.00 E 102.04 -0.17 HSX10-44 (R) 70.10 40.60 EWP43(4.7GHz) 90.00 2.80 2.52 0.50 HSX10-44 (R) 55.00 40.60 EWP43(4.7GHz) 80.00 2.80 2.24 0.50 4700.00 Horizontal
B 2.00 13 50 25.00 N 101 00 53.00 E 282.15 -0.17 HSX10-44 (R) 70.10 40.60 EWP43(4.7GHz) 90.00 2.80 2.52 0.50 HSX10-44 (R) 55.00 40.60 EWP43(4.7GHz) 80.00 2.80 2.24 0.50
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Microwave Worksheet - A-B.pl4
Path Calculation
A Path length (km) Free space loss (dB) Atmospheric absorption loss (dB) Field margin (dB) Main net path loss (dB) Diversity net path loss (dB) Radio model TX power (watts) TX power (dBm) EIRP (dBm) TX Channels RX threshold criteria RX threshold level (dBm) Main RX signal (dBm) Diversity RX signal (dBm) Thermal fade margin (dB) Number of exposures Interference fade margin - multipath (dB) Flat fade margin - multipath (dB) Dispersive fade margin (dB) 65.97 65.69 SDH 5 28MHz Plan 0.60 27.80 65.38 1h 4418.0000H BER 10-6 -68.50 -38.17 -37.89 30.61 1 -5.04 -5.04 45.00 30.61 45.00 49.28 139.76 0.37 1.00 65.97 65.69 SDH 5 28MHz Plan 0.60 27.80 65.38 1l 4730.0000H BER 10-6 -68.50 -38.17 -37.89 30.61 B
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Path Calculation
Microwave Worksheet - A-B.pl4 A Dispersive fade occurrence factor Effective fade margin (dB) Climatic factor Terrain roughness (m) C factor Fade occurrence factor (Po) Average annual temperature (C) SD improvement factor Worst month - multipath (%) (sec) Annual - multipath (%) (sec) (% - sec) A-B.pl4 Reliability Method - Vigants - Barnett Space Diversity Method Harris IF Combining 99.99930 - 219.99 1.00 6.10 3.29 1.11E+00 27.00 99.32 99.99814 48.89 99.99930 219.99 3.00 30.16 B
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Contents
- Azimuth
LINK BUDGET CALCULATION

ITU-R recommendation
ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications sector

Technical advisory body on telecommunications networks
ITU-R: International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunications sector

Technical advisory body on radiocommunications Workgroups, study groups, meeting: definition of recommendations Lays the foundations of the world radio conference (every 2 years) publication of radiocommunications regulations (Mandatory international Treaty)
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Purpose to define the link performance level

Quality (error performance)
Availability (or unavailability)
Parameters:
Link characteristics Equipment characteristics
Compliance with the objectifs
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Definition:
A digital link is a digital section as defined in Rec 634, 696 and 697 when it carries a constant-bit rate signal between two terminals with no multiplexer / demultiplexer in between It comprises one or several switching sections, themselves comprising one or several hops
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Digital microwave link's performance level is measured with:

Quality level (or error performance): fraction of the worse month during which BER 10-3 period in which the link is considered as available. Unavailability level: fraction of total time in one year in which BER 10-3 (during each second in a period of 10 consecutive seconds)
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Error performance objectives are defined in ITU-T recommandations:

G.821, reviewed G.821
G.826, replacing G.821
The UIT-T does not define unavailability objectives
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Main reason for non quality: multiple path propagation

Fadings due to atmospheric multiple paths
Fadings due to ground reflections
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ITU-T G.821 (reviewed G.821) defined 3 quality areas within 64 kbit/s

fictive reference communication
ITU-R applies the ITU-T recommendations to real digital links using

microwave systems
High quality area, Rec. 634 (+ review project) Medium quality area, Rec. 696 (+ review project) Local quality area, Rec. 697 (+ review project)
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ITU-R's criteria for quality objective (before definition ITU-T Rec. G.821
review)
Percentage of time with BER 10-3 (SES) Percentage of time with BER 10-6 (DM) Percentage of time with errored seconds (ES) Residual bit error rate (R BER)
SES: Severly Errored Second DM: Degraded Minutes
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ITU-R's criteria for quality objective definition (since ITU-T G.821 Rec.
review)
Percentage of time with BER 10-3 Percentage of time with errored seconds
Degraded minutes and residual bit error rate concepts are abandoned
SESR: Severly Errored Second Ratio
SER: Errored Second Ratio
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ITU-R's objectives for quality (error performance) (before ITU-T G.821 Rec.Review, en % of the more month
Quality
parameters
High quality
area (Rec. 634) (4) Class 1 280 km 0.006 (2)
Medium quality area (Rec. 696) Class 2 280 km 0.0075 (2) Class 3 50 km Class 4 50 km 0.005 (3)
Local quality
area (Rec. 697 0.015
BER > 10-3 (ses)
(L/2500) x 0.054 (1)
0.002 (3)
0.2 0.16
BER > 10-6 (DM) Errored Sec. (64 kbit/s) RBER
(L/2500) x 0.4 (L/2500) x 0.32
0.045 0.036
0.02 0.16
0.5 0.4
1.5 1.2
(L/2500) x5 x 10-9
5.6 x 10-10
under study
under study
under study
under study
(1): including 0.05 % for propagation (2): including 0.0055 % for propagation
(3): add 0.125% by default for propagation (4): for L < 280 km, class 1 objective
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ITU-R's objectives for quality (error performance) (after ITU-T G.821 Rec.Review, in fraction of ordinary month)
Quality parameters
High quality area G.634 Rec. Review Class 1
Medium quality area (Rec. 696) Class 2 Class 3 50 km 0.00002 0.0016 Class 4
Local quality area G.697 Rec.Review 0.00015 0.012
280 km
0.00006 0.00036
280 km
0.000075 0.0016
50 km
0.00005 0.004
BER > 10-3 (SESR) Errored Sec. (SES)
(L/2500) x 0.00054 (L/2500) x 0.0032
Degraded minutes and residual bit error rate concepts are abandoned
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Unavailability criteria:
Hypothetical reference path is unavailable when in at least one transmission direction, digital signal is stopped or when BER is noise than 10-3 during at least 10 consecutive seconds
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Unavailability causes
Equipment
Modulator, power supply, antenna
Propagation
Important variation of atmospheric refraction rain
Other causes
Noise interference, human activity ...
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The following ITU-R, recommendations define availability objectives

for real links
High quality areas: Medium quality areas: Local quality areas: REC. 695 REC. 696 REC. 697
These objectives are global, without allocation to the various

possible causes
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Availability objectives in relation to the rain: standard / superior
AVAILABILITY
STANDARD SUPERIOR 99.99 % 99.999 %
UNAVAILABILITY
1.10-2 % = 0.01 % = 1.10-4 of the year 50 mn / a year 1.10-3 % = 0.001 % = 1.10-5 of the year 5 mn / a year
The objective has to be chosen by mutual agreement with customer
Standard objective is generally chosen by default
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Digital microwave link planning and implementation must be

performed in compliance with these recommendations
It is therefore necessary to have a forward - looking calculation

method for digital link quality and availability
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Link budget parameters Link characteristics:

hop length, climate, profile ...
Equipment characteristics
transmitted power, receiving threshold connection losses, antenna gain ...
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Contents
- Azimuth

Link budget calculation
Gross margin MB = PE - L1 + G1 - PEL + G2 - L2 - PS PE L1 G1 PEL G2 L2 PS : transmitted power : connection losses, feeder : station 1 antenna gain : losses of free space : station 2 antenna gain : connection losses, feeder : receiving threshold (sensitivity, station 2)
E1
R1
E2
R2
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Probability to exceed a given error rate of 10-n during the worse month
P = K d3.6 f-0.89 (1+ |ep|)-1.4 10-MN/10 (%) f: frequency (GHz) d: hop length (Km) MN: hop net margin (dB) for BER = 10-n ep = |hr - he| / d path tilt (milliradians) K = 10-5.4 PL1.5 terrestrial paths, non mountainous regions K = 10-6 PL1.5 terrestrial paths, mountainous regions K = 10-4.9 PL1.5 paths above wide surfaces of water PL: percentage of time in which mean gradient of refractivity in the first 100 m of atmosphere is < -100N units / km (ITU-R Rec.453)
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A0.01 path attenuation exceeded during 0.01% of time is
given by the formula (Rec.530)

A0.01 = gR.deff = gR.d.r r = 1 / (1 + d/d0): distance factor d0 = 35 exp(-0.015 R0.01) gR = K.Ra: attenuation coefficient R0.01: rainfall intensity exceeded during 0.01% of time (dB)
The values of attenuation exceeded during other percentages of time (0.001 % < P < 1 %) are defined by:
Ap = A0.01 0.12P-(0.546 + 0.043 log (P)) (dB)
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The fraction of total time during which the link is unavailable because of the rain in one year is equivalent to the probability for rain attenuation to exceed aperiodic attenuation margin (gross margin MB minus the reduction created by interference) on each hop in the link.
A0.01 = gR.deff = gR.d.r MF =Ap = A0.01 0.12P-(0.546+0.043log(P))
P=4.5.10-9 .10(18.9-23.5log(MF / A0.01))

P<1.10-6 for (MF/A0.01)>3.8
0.5
for (MF/A0.01)<3.8
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Contents
- Azimuth
- Profile - Pathloss 5) Link budget calculation - ITU-R recommendation - Link budget calculation - North America (NA) and ITU-R Path Reliability (Outage) Calculations
North American (NA) and ITU-R Path Reliability (Outage) Calculations*
*Vigants North American and CCIR Rep. 338 Link Calculations for PDH Links. See Ref. 4, Appendix C for ITU-T Rec. G.826 Link Calculations and the Harris MCD Seminar Supplements for ITU-R Rec. P.530-6/8 and ITU-R Rec. P.530-9/10 Link Calculations.
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Performance Calculations
m
Topics Performance Period (year or any-month)
m
m
Probability of Outage, U or SESR

Probability of Multipath Outage Calculations
1) Vigants North American Model 2) Vigants CCIR Rep. 338 Model 3) ITU-R P.530 Models (see Seminar Supplements)
m m
Space, Frequency, 1:N, and Hybrid Diversity Improvements - ISD, IFD, I1:N, IHD Path Geometry
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Multipath Fading Occurrence

Multipath fading increases with:
m m m m m m Radio frequency (~F), Path length (~D3 ND to ~D4 SD, FD, etc.), Humidity/temperature gradients, Terrain flatness, Calmness of the wind, stratification, Fog, ducting, layering atmosphere,
and decreases with:
m m m
Path inclination, Atmospheric turbulence, Terrain roughness.

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Performance Standards
North America vs. ITU-R Performance Period
m North American performance objectives and computations are annual, which accommodate a fade season.
ITU-R performance (outage and quality) objectives and computations are calculated over any month or worst fading month.
Conversions to/from North American annual outage performance and ITU-R any month performance are provided.
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Probability of Multipath Outage

The first step in the prediction of multipath outage is the probability of outage, UND computation as a Severely-Errored Second Ratio. UND = SESR for a non-diversity link.
Outage Time = UND or USD x Fading Period, sec = SES/yr or SES/any month. m For a given path, U and SESR are numerically the same in both NA and ITU-R computations. m The Fading Period is a 2.1-4.6 mo (5.5-12x106 sec) fade season in NA (proportional to the average annual temperature), and a 30-day (2.6x106 sec) worst fading month in ITU-R areas.
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Vigants North American (NA) Model
UND = SESR = 2.5x10-6 c f D3 10-CFM/10 = 0.0001042
when, for example:
UND c = = = x = w = f = D = CFM = Non-diversity probability of outage (SESR) NA climate-terrain factor 1 (from c map), or x(w/50)-1.3 NA climate factor, 1 (from x map) Terrain roughness, 50 ft (from profile) 6.7 GHz Path length, 25 mi Composite Fade Margin, 34 dB
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NA Climate-Terrain Factors, c
Alaska coast, c = 0.25 Alaska interior, c = 1
c = 0.25
c = 0.25
As revised by Bellcore 9/86

c=1
c=2 c=1
Hawaii, c = 4
c=4
c = 0.25
c=1
c=4 c=6
Caribbean, c = 4
NA Climate Factors, x
Alaska, x = 1 (inland) x=0.5 (coastal)
southern Yukon, British Columbia, x = 0.5
Other Canadian Provinces, x = 1
Hawaii, x=2
Caribbean, x=2 *Flat terrain (w = 20', c =6) in this climate area.
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Annual Outage Time, TND

TND = =
where
UND (SESR) x Fade Season, SES/yr UND x 8x106 sec [3 mo] x t/50 One-way outage (non-diversity), SES/yr o Average temperature, 50 F (from map).
TND = t =
Therefore
NA TND
= 0.0001042 8x106 50/50 = 834 SES/yr
Bellcore 25 mi Link Outage Objectives (1600 SES/T1 trunk/yr): Short-haul (10 hops) = 6.4 SES/hop/mi/yr = 160 SES/hop/yr Long-haul (75-150 hops) = >0.8 SES/hop/mi/yr = >20 SES/hop/yr
Average Annual Temperature, t

Alaska, Canada: Use 35 F (Vigants minimum)
oF
Hawaii, South Florida, and the Caribbean are 750F (Vigants maximum)
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Vigants ITU-R Report 338 model, same path as NA:
UND (SESR) = KQ f D3 10-CFM/10 = 0.0001042 (same as NA calculation)
when, for example (same as NA path): UND = KQ = = x = S = f = D = CFM = Non-diversity probability of outage (SESR) ITU-R climate-terrain factor x(S)-1.3 Climate factor, 2.1x10-5 (from following table) Terrain roughness, 15.2 m (from profile) 6.7 GHz Path length, 40 km Composite Fade Margin, 34 dB
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Vigants ITU-R Climate Factors

and equivalent North American values of x
Climate Regions x (ITU-R) x (NA) 2.0 Maritime temperate, coastal 4.1x10-5 or high humidity/temperature
Maritime sub-tropical
Continental temperate or mid-latitude inland High-dry mountainous Climate-Terrain Factors:
3.1x10-5
2.1x10-5 1.0x10-5 KQ = xS-1.3 0.5
1.4
1.0
c = x(w/15)-1.3
S,w = Terrain roughness, 6-42m range
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Multipath Outage Models (1)

Non-Diversity Probability of Outage UND (SESR) Models
Vigants North American Outage Model UND = 6x10-7 c f D3 10-CFM/10 Vigants ITU-R Rep. 338 Outage Model UND = KQ f D3 10-CFM/10 1995 ITU-R P.530-5/6 Method 2 Outage Model* UND = K/100 f 0.93 D3.3 (1+ xp)-1.1 j-1.2 10-CFM/10 1999 ITU-R P.530-7/8 Outage Model* UND = K/100 f 0.89 D3.6 (1+xp)-1.4 10-CFM/10 2001 ITU-R P.530-9/10 Detailed Link Design Outage Model* UND = KD/100 D3.2 (1+xp)-0.9710-0.032f 0.00085h -CFM/10
Notes: D is in km, K and KD are given as a % in the ITU-R tables. K/100 derives SESR.
Multipath Outage Models (2)
Notation
UND = SESR = Non-diversity probability of multipath outage c, KQ = Vigants NA and ITU-R climate/terrain factors K = Geoclimatic factor, with PL, highest % ducting KD = 10-3.9 0.003 dN1 sa-0.42 (P.530-9 Detailed Link Design) dN1 = Point refractivity gradient in the first 65m sa = 110x110m area terrain roughness from GTopo30 data f = Frequency, GHz h = Elevation amsl of the lowest antenna, m D = Path length, km CFM = Composite Fade Margin xp = Path inclination angle, 0-24 mrad range j = k=4/3rds grazing angle over a flat average terrain plane, 12 mrad range (P.530-5/6 Method 2 only)
*mrad = milliradian 1o = 17.5 mrad 1 mrad = 0.0573o
1-
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Page 93
ITU-R Annual Outage Time, TND

Outage time (SES/yr or SES/any month), not an ITU-R parameter, may be computed for field measurements and comparison to North American calculations:
TND (month)
TND (year) where
= 0.0001042 x 2.6x106 sec/mo = 270 SES/any month outage

= SES/any mo x 3.1 mo x t, oF/50
t, oF
TND Year
= Annual average temperature, oF (see following chart for oF - oC)

= 270 x 3.1 x 50/50 (50oF/10oC) = 834 SES/yr (same as NA calc.)
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Page 94
Average Annual Temperature, t

-20 -10 10 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 70 70 60 80 70 -30 -40 -50
0F
0F 0C
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-46 -40 -34 -29 -23 -18 -12 -7 -1 4 10 16 21 27
50
By Vigants model, minimum temperature is 350F (20C) and maximum is 750F (240C)
Page 95
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1+1 Space Diversity - ISD (1)

Depends upon:
m m m m Performance objectives Frequency band Path length, inclination Path geometry (clearance, reflection zone location, diversity dish size and spacing; path: flatland? mountainous?) Climatic conditions (k-factor range; ducting?) Support structure (building, space, tower loading) Aesthetic, architectural, zoning constraints
m m m
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Page 96
1+1 Space Diversity - ISD (2)

Since the computed 834 SES/yr and 270 SES/any month non-diversity outages are excessive, diversity is added.
The following Space Diversity Improvement (ISD) assumes equal main and diversity path fade margins (CFMs):
TSD = TND/ISD
NA
ISD
TSD
= = =
7x10-5 f s2 10CFM/10/D 42 (SD dish separation s = 30 ft) 834/42 = 20 SES/yr (meets objective)
ITU
= 1.2x10-3 f s2 10CFM/10/D = 42 (s = 9.1 m), same as NA above TSD = 270/42 = 7 SES/any month (meets objective) ISD
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Space Diversity - IF Combining

The Space Diversity ISD model is equally applicable to links with receivers using either Errorless Data Switching or Dispersion-Sensing IF Combiners: m Errorless Data Switchingbetween diversity receivers anticipates a degraded condition (e.g. IF slope alarm, FEC syndrome counts) and rapidly switches the data before data errors occur. Dispersion-Sensing IF Combiners monitor signal distortion, muting that signal with excessive dispersion. Lacking this feature, the output signal could be more distorted than either input, thus increasing outage.
1+1 Frequency Diversity - IFD

In most ITU-R and some North American regions Canadian electrical utilities or in the U.S. with FCC waiver - frequency and hybrid diversity may be used. Except with >5% Df diversity spacings, IFD is less than ISD, but NA and ITU-R outage objectives are often met with IFD.
Example:
NA IFD
IFD
=
=
50 Df 10CFM/10/f2 DMI
18 TFD = 834/18 = 47 SES/yr 80 Df 10CFM/10/f2 DKM 18 TFD = 270/18 = 15 SES/any month
ITU
= =
where Df = Diversity spacing, 0.16 GHz (2.4%)

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1:N Frequency Diversity - I1:N

Multiline 1:N links are assigned space diversity with 1+1 IF combining or 1:N frequency diversity to meet outage objectives. In the above IFD calculation, the diversity spacing Df is replaced with DfEQ in 1:N links. 1:3 link example:
DfEQ = ___________N________________ , GHz N + N-1 + N-2 + + _1_ Df 2Df 3Df NDf where: DfEQ = Equivalent FD spacing in the IFD calculation N = Number of bearer channels (3, in a 1:3 link) Df = Actual RF channel spacing (0.160 GHz), smallest spacing, if non-symmetrical) DfEQ = 0.111 GHz (111 MHz, compared to Df = 160 MHz) I1:N = 12.4 (compared to IFD = 18)
(starting with the
Hybrid Diversity - IHD

Hybrid (space+frequency) Diversity can be used in most ITU-R (and some NA) paths.
If the highest T and R frequencies are assigned to the upper antenna at the vertically-spaced antenna end of this link, the any-month (and annual) outage times is further reduced by 2-10% (2x100 Df/f) compared to space diversity alone. Although only ISD is used in many hybrid diversity outage calculations (ISD = 42 in these examples) a more accurate IHD model adds these improvements to reflect Hybrid Diversitys even better performance: IHD = ISD + IFD = 42 + 18 = 60 in these examples
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Vigants Annual Outage Time, T

Simplified ND and SD Annual Outage Calculations
TND = = = TSD = = 0.4 c f t D3 10-CFM/10 0.4 1 6.7 50 253 10-34/10 834 SES/yr (same as previous calculation) 5.7x103 c t D4 10-CFM/5/s2 5.7x103 1 50 254 10-34/5/302
20 SES/yr (same as previous calculation)
Note that frequency is irrelevant and that outage varies as D4 in all diversity links (SD, FD, HD)
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Required Fade Margin (CFM)

The outage equations are combined to derive the required fade margin for a space diversity link (TNA = 20 SES/yr):
Reqd CFM (NA) = -5 log (3.5x10-6 s2 T)/(c t/50 D4) = -5 log (3.5x10-6 302 20)/(1 50/50 254) = 34 dB (same as previous computation)
The ITU-R outage equations may also be combined: Reqd CFM (ITU) = -5 log (4.6x10-10 s2 T)/(KQ D4) = -5 log (4.6x10-10 92 22)/(6.2x10-7 404) = 31.4 dB The above ITU-R required CFM calculation reflects a higher outage objective (22 SES/any-month) compared to the 7 SES previously computed with the larger 34 dB fade margin (CFM).
Outage Calculation Constraints

The Fine Print Multipath Outage Predictions assume the following:
m m m Normal multipath fading only: Excludes specular reflection fade outages in ND links and non-optimum dish separations in SD links No fade margin reductions due to power fading (antenna decoupling or misalignment, ducting, etc.)
m
m m m
Excludes (or accommodate) interference

Excludes dispersive fade outages (link DFM<50 dB) Excludes SES outage due to module switching, failures, and maintenance activity. Rain outage is annualized over a ~10 year period
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Path Calculation Sheets

Final path calculations, which select the
m m m m Antenna sizes, Feeder (coax or waveguide) type, Radio system gain and adaptive equalization, and Diversity arrangements meeting performance objectives,
are prepared only after the m Frequency band, m Antenna heights (path clearances from profiles), m Antenna min/max size constraints (decoupling, DFM), m Antenna types (standard, or HP for interference), and m Diversity spacings (for uncorrelated fading)
have been already been assigned.

Path Geometry Computations
Provide the:
m Location of the reflection zone (dish heights?) m Dish discriminations to the reflection (dish sizes?)
m Fresnel clearance at the reflection (diversity? spacing?)

m Path inclination angle m Reflection grazing angle (V- or H-pol assignment?) m Ray height at the reflection or obstruction area m Reflected ray time delay, nsec (links DFM?) m Optimum diversity dish separations to specular reflections m RSL up or down fade depth to a specular reflection m Arrival angle with k-factor variations (dish sizes?) m Obstruction loss vs. terrain type (knife-edge, etc.)
Difficult Digital Microwave Paths

Definition: Those paths which support Analog Radio links but may degrade less robust (older) Digital Radios:
m Path is very long (perhaps >50mi/80km) and affected by elevated atmospheric ducting layers which generate extremely rapid multipath fade activity. SES outages may occur if the receiver quadrature recovery (relock) time is >100 msec. m Path is short (perhaps <25mi/40km), but has excessive clearance over exposed (little path blockage and dish discrimination to) terrain supporting long-delayed (>10 nsec/10ft/3m) multipath reflections. Burst ES and SES outages may occur if the link's DFM (radio DFM + antenna discriminations) is less than about 50 dB.
Geometry - Short, High Path

20 Mile Path REFLECTION OR OBSTRUCTION, K=1.33 <FT AMSL, Mi> X ELEV=1,200. R ELEV=0. DISTANCE=20.00 Y ELEV=1,200. DIST XR=10.00 DIST RY=10.00 H<R>=1,150. ANT. DISC. : X,DEG=1.248 Y,DEG=1.248 FREQ=2.000 GHz F<N>=101.76 SD DISH SEP: SD<X>=18.3 SD<Y>=18.3 DELAY, NS=25.44 RSL<R=1>, dB=-11.45 R,DEG=1.248 32 km Path
with HP41CX REFL geometry printouts

K= 1200 (365m) 1.25O Discrimination to the Reflection 0.109O Decoupling Angle
K = 4/3
750
1150 ft (351m)
500
REFLECTION OR OBSTRUCTION, K=1.33 <M AMSL, KM> X ELEV=365. R ELEV=0 DISTANCE=32.19 Y ELEV=365. DIST XR=16.10 DIST RY=16.10 H<R>=350. ANT.DISC.: X,DEG=1.246 Y,DEG=1.246 FREQ=2.000 GHZ F<N>=101.76 SD DISH SEP: SD<X>=5.6 SD<Y>=5.6 DELAY,NS=25.44 RSL<R=-1>, dB=-11.15 R,DEG=1.246
250
1.248O Grazing Angle
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 (32 km)
Distance,Mi
Long delay (25 nsec) = poor radio DFM, but high (20+ dB) antenna discriminations at1.250 = good link DFM (>50 dB)
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Elevation AMSL, Ft
1000
Geometry - Long, High Path

100 Mile Path REFLECTION OR OBSTRUCTION,K=1.33 <FT AMSL, Mi> X ELEV=2,400. R ELEV=0. DISTANCE=100.00 Y ELEV=2,400. DIST XR=50.00 DIST RY=50.00 H<R>=1,150. ANT. DISC. : X,DEG=0.250 Y,DEG=0.250 FREQ=2.000 GHz F<N>=20.35 SD DISH SEP: SD<X>=45.8 SD<Y>=45.8 DELAY, NS=5.09 RSL<R=1>, dB=-5.20 R,DEG=0.250 161 km Path REFLECTION OR OBSTRUCTION,K=1.33 <M AMSL, KM> X ELEV=731. R ELEV=0. DISTANCE=161.00 Y ELEV=731. DIST XR=80.50 DIST RY=80.50 H<R>=350. ANT. DISC. : X,DEG=0.249 Y,DEG=0.249 FREQ=2.000 GHz F<N>=20.36 SD DISH SEP: SD<X>=14.0 SD<Y>=14.0 DELAY, NS=5.09 RSL<R=1>, dB=4.77 R,DEG=0.249
with HP41CX REFL geometry printouts

2400 (731m) 0.25 Discrimination to the Reflection 2000 K=
0.543 Decoupling Angle
1500
1000 1150 ft (350 m) 500 0.249 Grazing Angle
K = 4/3
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 (161 km)
Distance,Mi
Short delay (5 nsec) = good (>50 dB) radio DFM, needed since there is very little antenna discrimination on long paths.
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Elevation AMSL, Ft
Not Computing Path Geometry?

Antennas
m Too small reflection fading) m Too large and/or decoupling m Too high m Too low Exposed to the reflection, more feeder loss Obstructed path, power fading with ducting Subject to heavy multipath fade activity and more not uptilted outage due to antenna
Possible Effect
Poor discrimination to reflections/interference (degraded link DFM/IFM, more
m Improperly spaced
m Horizontally polarized
Correlated fade activity between dishes

Deeper fade depth compared to V-pol with grazing angle >0.2O
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Polarization Selection
Reduction of the reflection coefficient (fade depth) with Vpol (grazing angle >0.20). Rain outage on V-pol paths above 10 GHz is also reduced 40-60% compared to H-pol.
1.0 0.9 0.8
Maximum Fade Depth, dB (Reflection)

50+ 20 14 10.5 8 6
MAGNITUDE, R
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0* 0.1* 0.3* 0.5* 1* 3* 5* 10* 30* 50* 90*
4.5
3 2 1
GRAZING ANGLE, Y, degrees
0 Maximum Fade Depth = 20 log _1_
1+R
Reflection coefficient and fade depth vs. grazing angle (V- and H-pol)
Fade charts, V- and H-pol, showing much smaller specular reflection fade depths with V-polarization (Italian path, Y = about 0.40).
Path Calculations - Conclusions

Models and Responsibilities:
m Vigants North American/ITU-R Rep.338 multipath outage model provides an accurate estimate of performance worldwide in optimally configured and aligned digital microwave links. However, the new ITU-R Rec. P.530 model is replacing Vigants Rep. 338 model in many international regions. The Transmission Engineers main function is to configure the path clearances, antenna heights, types, and sizes, and diversity schemes to accommodate ducting (power fading), specular reflections, and interference over wide diurnal and seasonal variations in climate and terrain. The Manufacturers Responsibility is to provide robust digital microwave radios with effective network management, and Installation Crews must align antennas for optimum long-term performance.
m m
m m
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Useful Formulas
Supplementing the Outage Model
For
Path Loss Earths curvature F1 radius Fn radius Dish gain (55% eff) Dish BW, degrees Div. dish separation Multipath delay, nsec
English (ft, mi, GHz, dB)

96.6 + 20 log f + 20 log D 0.67 d1d2/k 72.1 (d1d2/f D)0.5 F1 (n)0.5 7.5 + 20 log f + 20 log d 66/fd 1200 D/f h(t) Fn /2f f = frequency, GHz
Metric (m, km, GHz, dB)

92.4 + 20 log f + 20 log D d1d2/12.7k 17.3 (d1d2/f D)0.5 F1 (n)0.5 17.8 + 20 log f + 20 log d 20/fd 127D/f h(t) Fn/2f D = path length d1, d2= distances (d1 + d2 = D) n = Fresnel zone number
NOTATION:
k = k-factor (4/3, etc.) h(t) = Tx dish height above
the reflection plane
F1 = 1st Fresnel zone radius

d = dish diameter
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Chaix degree compass

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