BROADBAND WIRELESS 802.

16
PRESENTED BY : ANKITA PANDEY ME REGULAR (ECE)

INTRODUCTION WHAT IS WIMAX FEATURES OF WIMAX WIMAX SYSTEM MODES OF OPERATION

LOS NLOS

802.16 STANDARDS THE 802.16 PROTOCOL STACK

PHYSICAL LAYER MAC LAYER

COMPARISON OF WIMAX WITH OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

WIMAX Vs 3G WIMAX Vs WiFi

WIMAX - SECURITY FUNCTIONS WIMAX ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS APPLICATIONS FUTURE OF WIMAX SUMMARY REFERENCES

What is Broadband Wireless?

Broadband wireless is high-speed Internet service via wireless technology, available in Internet cafs, local hot spots within many cities, private businesses and many homes. The advantage of broadband wireless is that the computer receiving the Internet signal need not be tethered by an Ethernet or network cable to the broadband modem or router. A broadband wireless modem receives the service and transmits it via radio waves to the immediate surrounding area. The most common way to take its advantage by using a laptop, with a wireless broadband adapter, commonly available in a portable computer (PC) card format.

Broadband Wireless
LIMITING FACTOR :
In todays world, a large number of wireless transmission technologies exist. These technologies are distributed over different network families depending upon the network scale such as PAN, WLAN, WMAN and WAN. The rapid growth of internet and increasing interest in portable computing devices are likely to push demand for high-speed wireless data services with aggregated higher information bit rates. There are basically three limiting factors for transmitting high data rate over the wireless medium that mainly include multipath fading, delay spread and co-channel interference . Technologies that promise to deliver higher data rates are attracting more and more vendors and operators towards them.

Broadband Wireless
SOLUTION :
To address this issue a very interesting solution has been defined by the IEEE 802.16 working group . WIMAX provides a 21st century platform for broadband wireless access. WIMAX stands for worldwide interoperability for microwave access .

WIMAX / IEEE 802.16

Wimax networks refer to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment .

The IEEE 802.16 standards define how wireless traffics move between subscriber equipment and core networks. WiMAX was designed for the transmission of multimedia services (voice, Internet, email, games and others) at high data rates.
Source: SHASHI JAKKU

Features
Use microwave for the wireless transfer of data. Specifies a frequency band in the range between 2 GHz to 66 GHz. For high speed wireless networking. Basically, Wimax is a wireless internet service that is capable of covering a wide geographical area by serving hundreds of users at a very low cost. Uses OFDM ,good for multipath environments. It includes TDD and FDD duplexing support. Flexible channel sizes (3.5 MHz,5 MHz,10MHz) An easy and fast system to install. Leading to low installation cost, when compared to fiber ,cable or DSL deployments.

Data Rate vs Mobility

802.16 STANDARDS
802.16.1 : (10-66 GHz, line-of-sight, up to 134Mbit/s). 802.16.2 : (minimizing interference between coexisting WMANs). 802.16a : (2-11 Ghz, Mesh, non-line-ofsight). 802.16b : (5-6 Ghz). 802.16c : (detailed system profiles). P802.16e : (Mobile Wireless MAN).

WIMAX System
A WIMAX TOWER
Similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area as big as ~8,000 square km.

A WIMAX CLIENT TERMINAL

The terminal receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop.

WIMAX System

WiMAX
WiMAX uses radio microwave technology to provide wireless internet service to computers and other devices that are equipped with WiMAX compatible chips for example PDAs, cell phones etc. It works more or less like cellular network technology. The theoretical range of WiMAX is up to 30 miles and achieves data rates up to 75 Mbps WiMAX operates in similar manner as Wi-Fi but with two very convincing differences as compared to Wi-Fi, these are :
o Data rate o Data range

MODES OF OPERATION
WiMax can provide 2 forms of wireless service: LOS. NLOS.

NLOS

Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer connects to the tower. Uses lower frequency range (2 to 11 GHz). Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) is a condition where a signal from a wireless transmitter passes several obstructions before arriving at a wireless receiver. The signal may be reflected, refracted, diffracted, absorbed or scattered. These create multiple signals that will arrive at a receiver at different times, from different paths, and with different strength. Wireless systems developed for NLOS environment have to incorporate a number of techniques to overcome this problem and that make the systems more complex than those for LOS.

LOS
Where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMax tower from a rooftop or pole. The LOS connection is stronger and more stable. Higher throughput. Uses higher frequencies: reaching a possible 66 GHz. Through stronger LOS antennas, higher range can be achieved: up to 50km radius. Line-of-sight (LOS) is a condition where a signal travels over the air directly from a wireless transmitter to a wireless receiver without passing an obstruction. LOS is an ideal condition for a wireless transmission because the propagation challenge only comes from weather or atmospheric parameters and the characteristic of its operating frequency.

802.16 Standards History

802.16
(Dec 2001)
IEEE 802.16 (2001) Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface for 10 66 GHz. Connection-oriented, TDM/TDMA MAC Targeted for Line-of-sight only Point-to-Multi-Point applications
IEEE 802.16a (January 2003) Extension for 2-11 GHz Targeted for non-line-of-sight, Point-to-Multi-Point applications LAST MILE broadband access. IEEE 802.16d (Oct 2004) Combines both IEEE 802.16 and 802.16a Some modifications to the MAC and PHY

802.16c
(2002)

802.16a
IEEE 802.16c (2002) Represents a 10 to 66 GHz system profile that standardizes more details of the technology.

(Jan 2003)

802.16d (802.16-2004) (Oct 2004)

802.16e
(802.16-2005) (Dec 2005)

IEEE 802.16e (2005) MAC/PHY Enhancements to support subscribers moving at vehicular speeds.

802.16 Standards
IEEE 802.16
Completed Spectrum Application Channel Conditions Bit Rate Modulation Dec 2001 10 - 66 GHz Backhaul Line of Sight Only 32 134 Mbps QPSK,16QAM and 64QAM

IEEE 802.16a/802.16d
Oct 2004 2 11 GHz Wireless DSL and Backhaul Non-Line of Sight Up to 75 Mbps OFDM ,QPSK,16QA M, 64QAM 1.5 and 20 MHZ

IEEE 802.16e
Dec 2005 2 - 6GHz Mobile Internet Non-Line of Sight Up to 15 Mbps

OFDMA

Channel Bandwidths

20,25 and 28 MHz

Same as 802.16d

WiMAX : Technology
QoS
Wide Coverage Mobility

Quick Deployment

SLA

WiMAX
High Security Portable

High Capacity Low Cost

Flexible Architecture

The WiMAX standard has been developed with many objectives in mind

Comparison between Fixed and Mobile WiMAX

Why wimax is necessary?

DSL and cable modems
No mobility. Huge infrastructure investment

Cellular systems
Fundamentally designed for voice Poor spectral efficiency

Wi-Fi/802.11
No mobility support Short range Not a broadband technique on its own

WHY WIMAX NECESSARY ? CONT..

Wimax /802.16
Variable and potentially large bandwidth. Efficient exploitation of diversity. Time (Scheduling ,adaptive modulation) Frequency (Scheduling ,adaptive modulation) Space (Space codes , MIMO) Packet switched architecture.

WIMAX CHIPS

DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS
IEEE 802.16/WiMAX technology intends to provide broadband connectivity to both fixed and mobile users in a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) environment. To provide flexibility for different applications, the standard supports two major deployment scenarios.

Last-mile BWA:
In this scenario, broadband wireless connectivity is provided to home and business users in a WMAN environment. The operation is based on a point-to-multipoint single hop transmission between a single base station (BS) and multiple subscriber stations (SSs).

DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS
Backhaul networks :
This is a multihop (or mesh) scenario where a WiMAX network works as a backhaul for cellular networks to transport data/voice traffic from the cellular edge to the core network (Internet). Backhaul is a technology that is linked with carrying traffic among circulated sites. Wimax backhaul is getting data from one point and spreading it over a network with high data rates and low price. Uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). It is specially designed for Wide Area Network with higher throughput. Another very unique feature of Wimax backhaul is that it gives protection against theft of services.

DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS
Coverage range up to 50km and speeds up to 70Mbps(shared among users).

The 802.16 Protocol Stack

The 802.16 Protocol Stack

The 802.16 Physical Layer(1/3)

Physical and transmission layer functions: Encoding/decoding of signals Preamble generation/removal Bit transmission/reception The PHY converts MAC layer frames into signals to be transmitted across the air interface. Traditional narrow band radio is used with conventional modulation schemes. QPSK: (longer distance) QAM-16: (medium distance) QAM-64: (short distance)

The 802.16 Physical Layer(2/3)

The 802.16 Physical Layer(3/3)

802.16 provides a more flexible way to allocate the bandwidth. Two schemes are used
o o FDD TDD

The 802.16 MAC Layer

The primary task of the WiMAX MAC layer is to provide an interface between the higher transport layers and the physical layer. The MAC layer takes packets from the upper layer,these packets are called MAC service data units (MSDUs) and organizes them into MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) for transmission over the air. The 802.16 MAC is designed for point-to-multipoint (PMP) applications and is based on collision sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA).

Mac features
The MAC incorporates several features suitable for a broad range of applications at different mobility rates, such as the following:
Privacy key management (PKM) for MAC layer security. Broadcast and multicast support. High-speed handover and mobility management primitives. Three power management levels, normal operation, sleep and idle. Header suppression, packing and fragmentation for efficient use of spectrum. Support for integrated voice/data connections.

The WiMAX MAC

The WiMAX MAC comprises three sublayers

Convergence sublayer MAC Common part sublayer Security sublayer

ATM, Ethernet, Internet Protocol

Packing, Fragmentation, ARQ, QoS

Autentication, Key Exchange, Privacy (encrypt.)

Convergence sublayer
The service specific convergence sublayer (CS) provides any transformation or mapping of external network data, received through the CS service access point (SAP) into MAC SDUs received by the MAC CPS through the MAC SAP. Accepting higher layer protocol data units (PDUs) from the higher layer Performing classification of higher layer PDUs. Associating them to the proper service flow identified by the connection identifier (CID). Delivering CS PDUs to the appropriate MAC SAP.

MAC Common part sublayer

Defines multiple-access mechanism Bandwidth allocation Connection establishment Connection maintenance Connection-oriented protocol Assign connection ID to each service flow.

Security sublayer
Deals with privacy and security. The security sublayer provides subscribers with privacy or confidentiality across the broadband wireless network. It manages : Authentication Secure key exchange Encryption

IEEE 802.16 MAC Data Packet Encapsulations

8-bit payload header suppression index field
Packet PDU (e.g., Ethernet) CS PDU (i.e., MAC SDU)
P H SI

Ethernet Packet

Ethernet Packet

MAC PDU

HT

MAC PDU Payload

CRC

FEC

FEC block 1

FEC Block 2

FEC Block 3

......

FEC block m

PHY Burst
(e.g., TDMA burst)

Preamble

OFDM symbol 1

OFDM symbol 2

......

OFDM symbol n

The 802.16 MAC Frame Format

Each MAC packet consists of the three components, 1) A MAC header which contains frame control information. 2) A variable length frame body which contains information specific to the frame type. 3) A frame check sequence (FCS) which contains an IEEE 32-bit cyclic redundancy code (CRC)

The 802.16 Frame Structure

A GENERIC FRAME

39

The 802.16 Frame Structure

HT(Header type): For generic frame,HT=0 EC (Encryption control) o 0 = Payload is not encrypted or payload is not included. o 1 = Payload is encrypted. Type : This field identifies the frame type ,whether packing and fragmentation is present. CI (CRC indicator) o 1 = CRC is included . o 0 = No CRC is included. EKS (Encryption key sequence) : Which encryption key is used. Length: Complete length of the frame including header. Connection ID: Which connection this frame belongs to. Header CRC: Header check sequence. An 8-bit field used to detect errors in the header.Header check-sum using 100000111. ESF(Extended subheader) ESF=0 ,absent:ESF=1.present

The 802.16 Frame Structure

BANDWIDTH REQUEST (BR) HEADER

The 802.16 Frame Structure

The second header type ,for frames that request bandwidth. HT(Header type): HT=1 EC (Encryption control)= 0,Payload is not encrypted or payload is not included. BR field indicate the number of bytes requested,or telling how much bandwidth is needed to specified number of bytes. Bandwidth request frames do not carry a payload or full frame CRC.

Fragmentation and packing

Packing
The MAC layer may pack multiple MAC SDUs into one single MAC PDU. When the radio channel is relatively good, this allows a better use of available resources.

Fragmentation
MSDU might be fragmented by the transmitter to form several MPDUs. The advantage of fragmentation is to lower the risk of losing a whole MSDU to the risk of losing part of it, a fragment. This is interesting when the radio channel is relatively bad or packets too long.

IEEE 802.16 MAC MAC SDU Fragmentation

A MAC SDU can be fragmented into multiple segments, each segment is encapsulated into one MAC PDU
Fragmentation Sub-Header (8 bits)

MAC SDU
MAC SDU seg-1
HT CRC F S H

MAC SDU seg-2

MAC PDU Payload CRC

MAC SDU seg-3

HT F S H MAC PDU Payload CRC

HT

F S H

MAC PDU Payload

FEC

FEC block 1

......

FEC Block m1

FEC block 1

......

FEC Block m2

Pre.

OFDM symbol 1

......

OFDM symbol n1

Pre.

OFDM symbol 1

......

OFDM symbol n2

PHY Burst

PHY Burst

IEEE 802.16 MAC MAC SDU Packing

Packing with fixed size MAC SDUs (no packing sub-header is needed)
MAC SDU 1 MAC SDU 2

......

MAC SDU k

Fixed size MSDUs, e.g., ATM Cells, on the same connection

HT

MAC PDU Payload

CRC

Packing with variable size MAC SDUs (Packing Sub-Heade is neeeded)

MAC SDU or seg. 1

Packing Sub-Heder (16 bits)

MAC SDU or seg 2

MAC SDU or seg n

Variable size MSDUs or MSDU segments, e.g., IP packets, on the same connection
CRC

HT

PSH

PSH

......

PSH

Spectrum Influence in WiMAX Network

The best advantage of WiMAX system is that, it can operate in both license and license free frequency bands which helps for global deployment of WiMAX and have certain advantages over the wired network. Channel bandwidth which increases the capacity of the WiMAX network by reusing the frequency.

WiMAX License Spectrum

Most of the country around the world uses 2.5 GHz band as a license frequency band for WiMAX application. Since allocation of spectrum varies among country to country, so spectrum allocation can varies between 2.6 to 4.2 GHz. It can effectively deliver point-to-multipoint spectrum to large number of users. It has strong bandwidth capacity. It is also good for interference free services and better QoS.

WiMAX Unlicensed Spectrum

The globally available unlicensed spectrum is 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band (ISM). Unlicensed spectrum is better for lower cost network deployment in rural areas, developing countries, emerging markets and developed countries with underdeveloped areas. It is also good for quickly deployed the services rather that wasting time for the license permit. It can be used in a point to point (PTP) communication in a small population area or a point-to-multipoint (PMP) communication in a rural areas or a place like college campus, where interference can be controlled .

Comparison of WiMAX with Other Wireless Technologies

When WiMAX was taken into consideration for replacing the DSL and cable modems and providing an enhanced solution to the exiting solution (802.11 standards), no one thought that WiMAX could be so strong and powerful that it could replace or even proves to be a good competitor for 3G and beyond cellular networks.

A Comparison of WiMAX & 3G

Introduces OFDMA, which improves spectrum efficiency around two times more than current 3G technologies. Enables a wide range of advanced antenna systems including MIMO, space-time coding and spatial multiplexing. It thus increases the covering range of WiMAX . WiMAX spectrum is more economical than 3G. Higher Throughput. Low Cost. Lower Latency.

A Comparison of WiMAX & Wifi

The fastest Wi-Fi connection can transmit up to 54 megabits per second under optimal conditions. WiMAX should be able to handle up to 70 megabits per second. WiMAX outdistances Wi-Fi by miles. Wi-Fi's range is about 100 feet (30 m). WiMAX will blanket a radius of 30 miles (50 km) with wireless access. The increased range is due to the frequencies used and the power of the transmitter . The original WiMAX standard (IEEE 802.16) proposes the usage of 10-66 GHz frequency spectrum for the WiMAX transmission, which is well above the Wi-Fi range (up to 5 GHz maximum).

A Comparison of WiMAX & Wifi

WiMAX specifications also provides much better facilities than WiFi, providing higher bandwidth and high data security by the use of enhanced encryption schemes. WiMAX can also provide service in both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) locations, but the range will vary accordingly.

COMPARISION TABLE

WiMAX - Security Functions

Security is handled by a privacy sublayer within the WiMAX MAC. The key aspects of WiMAX security are as follow:

Support for privacy:

User data is encrypted using cryptographic schemes. WiMAX uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to produce cipher text. The cipher text is then transmitted over the wireless network and cannot be understood by an eavesdropper.

Device/user authentication:
WiMAX provides a flexible means for authenticating users to prevent

unauthorized use.

Support for fast handover:

A three-way handshake scheme is supported to optimize the reauthentication mechanisms for supporting fast handovers.

advantages of WiMAX
Long Range:
Perhaps the most significant advantage of WiMAX over other wireless technologies is the range it provides. WiMAX has a communication range of up to 30 miles. This is enough to cover a medium size city. Before WiMAX, the existing wireless technologies have various issues that are mostly related to the bandwidth. WiMAX provides high data rates which makes. Although the cost to install a WiMAX base station would be around 20,000 $ but still it would be much less cheaper when it comes to the deployment of wireless network.

Higher Bandwidth: Low cost:

Security : Security options of Wimax Technology also offer very

high security because of encryption system used by Wimax.

advantages of WiMAX
Multi - functionality within Wimax Technology : Wimax Technology perform a variety of task at a
time such as offering high speed internet, providing telephone service, transformation of data, video streaming, voice application etc.

Wimax Coverage : The single station of Wimax can operate

and provide coverage for hundred of users at a time and manage sending and receiving of data at very high speed with full of network security.

Wimax Infrastructure : Wimax infrastructure is very easy

and flexible therefore it provides maximum reliability of network.

Disadvantages
WiMAX is basically a power sensitive technology, meaning that it heavily relies on strong electrical support. A Line of sight is required in order to make a wireless data communication connection extending over 6 miles or more. Means it is needed for more distant connections. Bandwidth is shared among users in a given radio sector. If there are many users in one sector, they will have lower speed. Bad weather conditions such as rain could interrupt the signal. Other wireless equipment could cause interference. WiMAX is a very power-consuming.

APPLICATION
Broadband Internet access real time applications Video streaming VoIP, Video on Demand Video Conference Surveillance and monitoring (forests, volcano, etc.) Other possible real time complex applications E-learning General applications and services based on IP connectivity.

Applications

FIGURE SHOWS THE APPLICATIONS OF WIMAX TO PROVIDE INTERNET ACCESS OVER BIG GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.

APPLICATIONs
Security:
This is crucial for telemedicine services. Patient information must be communicated in a secure and reliable manner. The MAC layer security feature in the IEEE 802.16/WiMAX standard can provide access control and encryption functionalities for wireless telemedicine services.

WiMAX-based wireless telemedicine network.

APPLICATIONs

APPLICATIONS

FUTURE OF WIMAX
Along with the forthcoming standardization, WiMAX has the potential to substitute 3G and become a promising 4G. WiMax is a technology which considered as the first step toward 4G. Today WiMax is operating as second generation and third generation technology but in near future it would be substantial 4G technology. It is expected that WiMax becomes the dominant standard for Wireless MAN in the world market, at least, in fixed broadband networks. WiMAX networks can provide very-high-speed wireless connectivity in presence of mobility.

Wireless Broadband

ZigBee

BT

802.16 WiMAX Leading BWA Standards IEEE 802.16m

SUMMARY
BROADBAND WIRELESS
Broadband wireless is high-speed Internet service via wireless technology.

WIMAX / IEEE 802.16

Wimax networks refer to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment .

WIMAX FEATURE
High data rates Wide frequency band operation Advanced Error Correction techniques Adaptive modulation and coding

802.16 STANDARDS HISTORY

SUMMARY
DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS
Last-mile BWA Backhaul networks

WIMAX SYSTEM MODES OF OPERATION THE 802.16 PROTOCOL STACK

The 802.16 Physical Layer The 802.16 MAC Layer The 802.16 Frame format

COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED AND MOBILE WIMAX

SUmmary
COMPARISON OF WIMAX WITH OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES. WIMAX - SECURITY FUNCTIONS. WIMAX ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS. APPLICATION. FUTURE OF WIMAX.

REFERENCES
Andrew S. Tanenbaum Computer Networks fourth edition ;prentice hall of India 2005. IEEE 802.16-2004 (802.16REVd) IEEE 802.16-2005 (802.16e) IEEE Standard 802.16: A Technical Overview of the Wireless MAN Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access, C. Eklund et al., IEEE Communication Magazine, June 2002 WiMAX Forum: www.wimaxforum.com (28 March 2011) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMax (28 March 2011) www.goingwimax.com (www.goingwimax.com(27April 2011) http://www.broadband.gov/fieldevents/fh_public_safety/pavlak.ppt ( 2 April 2011) http://www.broadband.gov/docs/ws_tech_fixed_bb/ws_technology_fixed_b roadb (7April 2011)

REFERENCES

http://www.itr-rescue.org/bin/pubdocs/mtg-weekly/9-1605%2520Karim%2520Hassib%2520-%2520WiMAX.pp (7April 2011) http://www.ieeecentennial.org/Speaker_Notes/20050216_Wireless_Broadband_IEEE.pp (23April 2011) http://www.novarum.com/documents/Novarum1H2007Overview.pdf

(23April 2011) IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, February 2006. Changazi, S.() UWiMAX 802.16e and Its Comparison with Other 3G TechnologiesU , Advanced Telecommunication ETS190.

Thank you.