Classification of Components and Approaches of Ad hoc Routing Protocols

Myung Lee & Tarek Saadawi

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Component-Based Routing
Core components
Components possessed by most routing protocols.

Auxiliary components
Additional components that are not essential to all routing protocols

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Core Components
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

Route discovery Route selection Route formation /representation Data forwarding Route maintenance Routing metrics

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Auxiliary Components
1.
2. 3. 4.

Neighbor discovery and maintenance Hierarchical structure Multicast Security

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Core Components

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(1) Route Discovery

Finding potential route(s) to a destination
Reactive Proactive Hybrid

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Route Discovery (cont.)

Reactive
Full-flooding RREQ (AODV) Limited-Flooding RREQ (LAR)
Position based Direction based Region based Expanding ring A priori knowledge Efficient broadcast

Probabilistic RREQ (ANT, GPS Any-like) Hybrid

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Route Discovery (cont.)

Proactive
Broadcasting cost-to-all to neighbors (DSDV)
Update message (cost-to-all) stops at neighbors, each node periodically updates its neighbors

Broadcasting cost-to-neighbor to all (LSR)

Update message (cost-to-neighbor) floods to the network

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Route Discovery (cont.)

Proactive (cont.)
Broadcasting cost-to-neighbor to neighbors
Update message (cost-to-neighbor) stops at neighbors, each node periodically (constant period) updates its neighbors (GSR, TRR) Update message (cost-to-neighbor) stops at neighbors, each node periodically (different period based on distance to update originator) updates its neighbors (FSR, DREAM) Unicast cost-to-all to a neighbor Update message (cost-to-all) stops at a neighbor, each neighbor periodically updates one of its neighbors (Angle SINR Table Routing)

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Route Discovery (cont.)

Hybrid: Examples
Proactive for intra-cluster, reactive for intercluster (ZRP) Proactive for virtual backbone, reactive for enddevices (TTDD) Distance vector for neighborhood, self-routing for distant nodes (Terminode routing)

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(2) Route Selection

Selecting the best route(s) to a destination from the potential routes.
Reactive Proactive Hybrid

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Route Selection (cont.)

Reactive
Source behavior
Select one or more routes from multiple RREPs (AODV, AOMDV) Select the first arrived RREP and discard later RREPs (AODVjr) Accept all RREPs (AOMDV)

Destination behavior
Select from multiple RREQs and reply with one/more RREP(s) (AODV) Select from multiple RREQs and reply with one RREP (delayed RREP) (LBR) Reply to all RREQs (AODVM: all; AOMDV: up to k RREPs)

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Route Selection (cont.)

Reactive (cont.)
Intermediate node behavior
Creating one or multiple routing entries based on RREQ filtering metric RREQ filtering Filtering duplicated RREQs (AODV) Relaying RREQs without filtering Filtering RREQs based on the interface the RREQ came from (SMR for link disjoint multipath) Filtering RREQs based on cost (ABR) Filtering RREQs based on whether they are in the forwarding zone (LAR, Region-based routing). Filtering RREQs based on traffic flow conditions (LBR)
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Route Selection (cont.)

Proactive
Optimization based on distance vector (DSDV) Optimization based on link state (OLSR, FSR, ZHLS) Calculation based on tree topology (nerRFon) Calculation based on position information (GPSR, GREEDY)

Hybrid (ZRP: Proactive for intra-cluster, reactive for inter-cluster)

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(3) Route Formation/ Representation

Means to store routing information.
Exact route Route guidance

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Route Formation/Representation (cont.)

Exact route
Routing table (AODV) Interest entry (DD) Route in the packet (DSR) Binary tree (tree routing)

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Route Formation/Representation (cont.)

Route guidance
Cost table (GRAd) Geographical information
Exact positions (GPSR) Pointer (TERMINODE) Approximate region (ZHLS, LABAR)

Hierarchical structure information

Cluster headers (CBRP) Cores (CEDAR) Landmarks (LANMAR)

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(4) Route Maintenance

Proper update/ repair of routes to address network dynamics
Route refreshing Failure handling Route invalidation

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Route Maintenance (cont.)

Route refreshing
Reactive
Control packet (GPS Ant-like ) Data packet (AODV) Automatic update when predefined or estimated route lifetime expires (LBR, LUNAR) Hybrid (AODVjr)

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Route Maintenance (cont.)

Route refreshing (cont.)
Proactive
Distance vector update (DSDV) Link state update (LSR) Location information update (DREAM) Hierarchical structure update (ZHLS)

Hybrid (ZRP: Proactive for intra-cluster, reactive for inter-cluster )

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Route Maintenance (cont.)

Failure handling
Reactive
Rediscovery (AODV, DSR, DREAM) Local repair (AODV, LAR) Alternative path (multipath like TORA) Route cache (DSR) Data cache (CHAMP)

Proactive (handled by the route refreshing process ) Hybrid (GRA)

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(5) Data Forwarding

Means to forward data packets based on route information
Unicast Data broadcast + neighbor filtering (GRAd) Flooding

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Data Forwarding (cont.)

Unicast
Routing table Deterministic One route Multiple routes * Simultaneously * Alternatively Probabilistic

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Data Forwarding (cont.)

Unicast (cont.)
Self-routing (without routing table)
Tree routing Location-based routing Send to the neighbor in the transmission range that is closest to destination node (Greedy) Send to the neighbor cluster that is closest to destination node (LABAR)

Hybrid of above approaches (Terminode, GRA)

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(6) Routing Metrics

Parameters used by routing algorithms to determine route optimality
Hop Connectivity Link QoS Route QoS

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Routing Metrics (cont.)

Route QoS
E2E delay/Jitter Reliability Throughput Security Energy
Node lifetime Network lifetime

Processing power (CPU, memory) Etc.

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Auxiliary Components

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Auxiliary Components
1.
2. 3. 4.

Neighbor discovery and maintenance Hierarchical structure Multicast Security

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(1) Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance

Dynamic maintenance of neighborhood information such as location, direction, ID, resources etc.
Synchronous approach Asynchronous approach

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Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance (cont.)

Synchronous approach Beacon/Hello
1-hop neighbor information 2-hop neighbor information (OLSR, GLS, TERMINODE)

Asynchronous approach Control packet (LBR, AODV) Data packet (AODV)

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(2) Hierarchical Structure

Organizing a group of network nodes into one or multiple level architecture.
Flat Hierarchical
Homogeneous (proactive or reactive) Heterogeneous (proactive and reactive) (ZRP)

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(3) Multicast
The transmission of a packet from a sender to a group of receivers
Tree based
Source tree Shared tree

Mesh based
Broadcast Multiple unicasts

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(4) Security
Means to achieve secure communication (confidentiality, integrity, freshness, and authentication)

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Next Step
Analyses of Approaches Derivation of Dependency Graph of Approaches Component Researches
Multipath Route discovery Efficient broadcasting

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CBR Reference List

Papers reviewed: 90 By X. Hu, H. Juan, C. Zhu, Y. Liu, J. Zheng, J. Yoon

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[BSR] SONG GUO, OLIVER W. YANG Performance of Backup Source Routing (BSR) in mobile ad hoc networks p 440-444, Proc. 2002 IEEE Wireless Networking Conference

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[CGSR] C. -C. Chiang and M. Gerla, Routing and Multicast in Multihop, Mobile Wireless Networks, Proc. IEEE ICUPC 97, San Diego, CA, Oct. 1997. [DBF] SHREE MURTHY, J.J. GARCIA-LUNA-AVECES Distributed Bellman-Ford routing protocol (DBF), A Routing Protocol for Packet Radio Networks, Proc. ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 86-95, November, 1995. [DD] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan and D. Estrin, Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks, ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM'00), 2000. [DSDV] C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM94, London, U.K., Sept. 1994, pp. 234-244.

[DSR] D. Johnson, D. A. Maltz, and J. Broch, The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks, IETF Internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsr-09.txt, April 2003.

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[DSRFLOW] YIH-CHUN HU, DAVID B. JOHNSON, DAVID A. MALTZ Flow State in the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol Internet Draft, draft-ietf- manetdsrflow-00.txt, work in progress, June 2001

[FORP] J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,Flow Oriented Protocols for Scalable Wireless Networks, ACM MSWiM 2002 , Atlanta, Georgia
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[GSR] T.-W. Chen and M. Gerla, Global State Routing: A New Routing Scheme for Ad-hocWireless Networks, In Proceedings of IEEE ICC98, Atlanta, GA, Jun. 1998, pp. 171-175.

[HSR] G. Pei et al., A Wireless Hierarchical Routing Protocol with Group Mobility, Proc. IEEE WCNC 99, New Orleans, LA, Sept. 1999.
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[LSR, OSPF] John T. Moy: OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol, 3rd printing, September 1998, ISBN 0-201-63472-4. [LUNAR] C. Tschudin and R. Gold, LUNAR: Lightweight underlay network adhoc routing, University of Basel, Switzerland, Tech. Rep., January 2002. [nerRFon] L. Hester, Y. Huang, A. Allen, O. Andric, P. Chen, neuRFonTM Netform: A Self-Organizing Wireless Sensor Network, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE ICCCN Conference, Miami, Florida, Oct. 2002.

[OLSR] P. Jacquet et al., Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, draft-ietfmanetolsr- 05.txt, Internet Draft, IETF MANET Working Group, Nov. 2000
[PLBR] R. S. Sisodia, B. S. Manoj, and C. Siva Ram Murthy, "A Preferred Link Based Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks", Journal of Communications and Networks, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 14-21, March 2002.

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[QL] R. Castenada, S. R. Das, and M. K. Marina, Query localization techniques for on-demand routing protocols in ad hoc networks, ACM/Kluwer Wireless Networks (WINET) Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, March 2002, pages 137-151.

[RDMAR] Aggelou G, Tafazolli R. RDMAR: A Bandwidth-efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of ACM MobiCom99/WoWMoM99 , Washington, USA, August 1999
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[TBRPF ] R. G. Ogier et al., Topology Broadcast based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF), draft-ietf-manet-tbrpf-05.txt, INTERNET-DRAFT, MANET WorkingGroup, Mar. 2002.

[TORA] VD Park and MS Corson "A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks", Proc. INFOCOM'97, Apr. 1997, 9 pages.
[TTDD] F. Ye, H. Luo, J. Cheng, S. Lu and L. Zhang, A Two-tier Data Dissemination Model for Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks, ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM'02), 2002. [WRP] S. Murthy and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "An Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Networks", ACM Mobile Networks and App. J., Special Issue on Routing in Mobile Communication Networks, Oct. 1996, pp. 183-97.

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[AODVM: multipath] Zhenqiang Ye, Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy, Satish K. Tripathi, A Framework for Reliable Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, INFOCOM2003, San Francisco, CA, 2003

[EDSR : multipath] J. Wu, An Extended Dynamic Source Routing Scheme in Ad HocWireless Networks Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2002, Hawaii, 2002.
[GMR : multipath] G. Koh, D. Oh1 and H. Woo, A Graph-based Approach to Compute Multiple Paths in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. [MMRP : multipath] S. De, C. Qiao H. Wu, Meshed multipath routing with selective forwarding: an efficient strategy in wireless sensor networks, Computer Networks 43 (2003) p481p497

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[Broadcast 1] M. Sun, W. Feng and T.H. Lai, "Location aided broadcast in wireless ad hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2001, pp. 2842-2846, San Antonio, TX, November 2001.

[Broadcast 2] Y.-C. Tseng, S.-Y. Ni, Y.-S. Chen, and J.-P. Sheu, "The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol. 8, No. 2, March 2002, pp. 153-167.
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[GPS Ant-like] Daniel Camara and Antonio Alfredo F. Loureiro, A Novel Routing Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks, Baltzer Journal of Telecommunications Systems, 18:1-3,85-100 Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001 [LAR] Y. Ko and N.H. Vaidya, Location-aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom98), pp.66-75

[DREAM] S. Basagni, I. Chlamtac, V.R. Syrotjuk and B.A. Woodward, A Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM), Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom98), pp.76-84 [DREAM vs. LAR] Tracy Camp and Jeff Boleng, Performance Comparison of Two Location Based Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Infocom 2002, Dept. of Math and Computer Science Colorado School of Mines

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[ZHLS] Mario Joa-Ng and I-Tai Lu, A Peer-to-peer Zone-Based Two-level Link State Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications Vol.17, NO.8, August 1999

[LABAR] Gergely V. Zaruba and Vamsi K. Chaluvadi LABAR: Location Area Based Ad Hoc Routing for GPS-scarce Wide-area AD Hoc Networks Proceedings of the first IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom03), Dept/ of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington [GPSR] Brad Karp and H.T. Kung GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom 2000), Harvard University
[GRA] Rahul Jain and Anuj Puri GRA: Geographical Routing Using Partial Information for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks IEEE Personal Communications, February 2001, pp.48-57 University of California, Berkeley

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[Terminode 1] L. Blazevic, J. -Y. Le Boudec and S.Giordano A Location-Based Routing Method for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.3, NO.4, October-December 2004 [Terminode 2] L. Blazevic, J. -Y. Le Boudec and S.Giordano Self Organized Terminode Routing Cluster Computing Journal, April 2002 [Terminode 3] L. Blazevic, J.-Y. Le Boudec and S.Giordano Anchored Path Discovery in Terminode Routing http://lcawww.epfl.ch/Publications/Blazevic/BlazevicGL02b.pdf [GLS] Jinyang Li, John Jannotti, David R. Karger and Robert Morris A Scalable Location Service for Geographic Ad Hoc Routing, M.I.T Laboratory for Computer Science http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/papers/grid:mobicom00/paper.pdf

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[Quorum] Zygmunt J. Hass and Ben Liang Ad Hoc Mobility Management with Uniform Quorum Systems, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 1999, pp.1-13 The School of Electrical Engineering, Cornell University [VHR] S. Giordano and M.Hamdi Mobility Management: The Virtual Home Region, Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne (FPFL), Switzerland http://icwww.epfl.ch/publications/ documents/IC_TECH_REPORT_199937.pdf [Survery 1] Ivan Stojmenovic Position-Based Routing in Ad Hoc Networks IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2002, pp.128-134 [Survey 2] Martin Mauve and Jorg Widmer A Survey on Position-Based Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks IEEE Networks, November/ December 2001, pp.30-39

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[Survey 3] Dragos Niculescu Positioning in Ad Hoc Sensor Networks IEEE Network, July/August 2004 [Survey 4] Elizabeth M. Royer and Chai-Keong Toh A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks IEEE Personal Communications, April 1999

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[Infra-structure AODV] Anders Lindgren, Olov Schelen, Infra-Structure Aodv for Infrastructured Ad Hoc networks, In Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (International Workshop on Ad Hoc Networking (IWAHN 2002)). pages 64-70. August 2002. [PARO] J. Gomez, A. T. Campbell, M. Naghshineh, C. Bisdikian, T.J. Watson PowerAware Routing Optimization Protocol (PARO) Internet Draft, draft-gomez-paro-manet00.txt, work in progress, June 2001 [PAMAS] S. Singh, C. S. Raghavendra, "PAMAS-Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signalling for Ad Hoc Networks", Computer Communication Review, July 1998. [Geography-Informed Energy Conservation] Ya Xu, John Heidemann, and Deborah Estrin. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom), pages 70--84, Rome, Italy, July 2001. ACM.

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[Minimum Energy] V. Rodoplu and T. H. Meng. Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks. IEEE J. Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8), August 1999. [SSA] R. Dube, C. Rais, K. Wang, and S. Tripathi, "Signal stability based adaptive routing (SSA) for ad hoc mobile networks," IEEE Personal Communication, Feb. 1997 [On-Demand Multipath] A. Nasipuri and S. Das, "On-demand multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks," in Proc. IEEE ICCCN '99, Oct. 1999 [Split Multipath] Sung-Ju Lee and Mario Gerla, "Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad hoc Networks", Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2001, Helsinki, Finland, June 2001, pp. 3201-3205. [Energy Efficient Multipath] D. Ganesan, R. Govindhan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin, "Highly resilient, energy efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks," Mobile Computing and Communications Review (MC2R), vol. 1, no. 2, 2002. [AODV-BR] Sung-Ju Lee and Mario Gerla, "AODV-BR: Backup Routing in Ad hoc Networks", Proceedings of IEEE WCNC 2000, Chicago, IL, September 2000.

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[CBRP] Cluster Based Routing Protocol IETF: draft-ietf-manet-cbrp-spec-01.txt [CEDAR] Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing IETF: draft-ietf-manet-cedar-spec-00.txt [DDR] Distributed Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad hoc Networks http://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/ddr.ps Scalable Routing Strategies for Ad hoc Wireless Networks http://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless/PAPER/jsac99.ps.gz [FSR] Fisheye State Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks IETF: draft-ietf-manet-fsr-02.txt [HARP] Hybrid Ad hoc Routing Protocol http://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/harp.ps

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[LANMAR] Landmark Routing Protocol for Large Scale Ad Hoc Networks IETF: draft-ietf-manet-lanmar-03.txt [ZRP] The Zone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-02.txt [BRP] The Bordercast Resolution Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-brp-02.txt [IERP] The Interzone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-ierp-02.txt [IARP] The Intrazone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-iarp-02.txt

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[Conn] Bandyopadhyay, S.; Hasuike, K; A Connection management protocol to support multimedia traffic in ad hoc wireless networks with directional antenna ; Multimedia and Expo, 2001. ICME 2001. IEEE International Conference on , 22-25 Aug. 2001 Pages:1037 1040

[ODD] Nasipuri, A.; Mandava, J.; Manchala, H.; Hiromoto, R.E.; On-Demand Routing Using Directional Antennas; Computer Communications and Networks, 2000. Proceedings. Ninth International Conference on , 16-18 Oct. 2000 Pages:535 541
[DAR]Wei-Her Chung; Sy-Yen Kuo; Shih-I Chen; Direction-Aware Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks; Communications, Circuits and Systems and West Sino Expositions, IEEE 2002 International Conference on , Volume: 1 , 29 June-1 July 2002 Pages:165 - 169 vol.1 [IOD] Romit Roy Choudhury and Nitin Vaidya; Impact of Directional Antennas on Ad Hoc Routing; The Eighth International Conference on Personal Wireless Communication (PWC), Venice, September 2003.

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[NAMR] Siuli Roy, Dola Saha, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay, Tetsuro Ueda, Shinsuke Tanaka; A Network-Aware MAC and Routing Protocol for Effective Load Balancing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing Annapolis, Maryland, USA SESSION: Directional antenna Pages: 88 97; Year of Publication: 2003 ISBN:1-58113-684-6 [MRD] Yang Li; Hong Man; Jin Yu; Yu-Dong Yao; Multipath Routing in Ad hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas; Advances in Wired and Wireless Communication, 2004 IEEE/Sarnoff Symposium on , April 26-27, 2004 Pages:119 122 [ARCD] Mineo Takai; Junlan Zhou;Rajive Bagrodia; Adaptive Range Control Using Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad hoc Networks; Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on Modeling analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems2003, Pages:92 99

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[RIDA] Amit Saha, and David B. Johnson; Routing Improvement using Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks; Rice University, Department of Computer Science Technical Report - TR03-420. To appear in Globecom 2004, Dallas, Texas, Nov 2004.

[EFCD AntennasSpyropoulos, A.; Raghavendra; Energy Efficient Communications in Ad Hoc Networks Using Directional, C.S.;INFOCOM 2002. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE , Volume: 1 , 23-27 June 2002 Pages:220 - 228 vol.1

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