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Chemical elements: basic matters from which all material are made of. Atoms: natural entities of all matter. Atomic properties: properties of individual atoms. Periodic table of chemical elements: a tool for correlating and organizing chemical properties of elements. The modern periodic tables are results of quantum mechanics, and the study of chemistry has gone through a period highly theoretical to reach this state. Many atomic properties are related to the location of the element on the period table, and you need to know some of the rules and trends.
Period Table
Period Table
Main-group Ions
Typical ions by groups of elements Li+1 Na+1 K+1 Be+2 Mg+2 Ca+2 B Al+3 Ga+3 C Si Ge+4 N3 P3 As O2 S2 Se2 F Cl Br Ne Ar Kr
Rb+1
Cs+1 Fr+1
Sr+2
Ba+2 Ra+2
In+3
La+3
Sn+4
Pb2-4
Sb
Te
Xe
Cu+ ,
Ag+
2+
Zn2+
Cd2+
Au+, 3+ Hg2+ How many 3d electrons do Cu2+, Fe3+, etc ions have?
Period Table 4
Period Table
Energies of sub-shells are also affected by the quantum number l, as we have pointed out before, but quantum numbers l and m also affect sizes.
Period Table 6
Period Table
Period Table
Li+
Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+
Be2+
Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+
N3
P3
O2
S2 Se2 Te2
F
Cl Br I
Ne
Ar Kr Xe
Explain the trend in groups of color and chemical groups and give reasons for the trend. Chieh does this during the lecture, and you do this during your review. Skipping class is your choice.
Period Table 9
Consult a periodic table and arrange the following lists by increasing atomic radius. Na+, Li+, K+, Cs+, Xe, IBr , Cl , I , F Be2+, Li+, B, C, O2, F, N
Period Table
10
Variation of I1 as Z Varies
How does first ionization energy I1 vary in a group and in a period and why? Decreases and increases respectively
Period Table 12
The In of Group n
Period Table
13
Electron Affinity
Electron affinity EA is the energy change when a gaseous atom or ion gains an electron (reverse of ionization), in eV per ion or in J or kJ per mole. For example, F (g) + e F (g); EA = 328 kJ / mol = 3.4 eV/atom Li (g) + e Li (g); EA = 59.6 kJ / mol = 0.62 eV/atom
The variation of EA is very irregular as Z increases. There is no particular trend in groups and in periods.
Note the relationship of EAs and Is. Period Table
14
Electronegativity
Period Table
15
Magnetic Properties
Materials can be divided into three types according to their magnetic properties. Be able to explain these terms:
Diamagnetic material: substance slightly repelled by a magnetic field. There are no unpaired electrons.
Paramagnetic material: substance slightly attracted by a magnetic field. There are some unpaired electrons, (single e in an orbital) Ferromagnetic material: substances strongly attracted by magnetic field. Magnetic domains line up in these type, Fe, Fe2O3 etc. Which of these are paramagnetic, H, Na, Mg, Cl, Cl , Ag, Fe
Period Table
16
2s1-2
3s1-2 4s1-2 5s1-2 6s1-2 4f1 4f14
2p1 2p6
3p1 3p6 4p1 4p6 5p1 5p6 6p1 6p6
3d1 3d10
4d1 4d10 5d1 5d10
7s1-2
Th Pa U 5f14
6d1 6d10
7p1 7p6
Period Table
17
Period Table
19
Period Table
20
Review questions
Consult only the periodic table to answer all these questions.
How many unpaired electrons are present in Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni? What are the chemical formula for the following, lithium nitride, lithium nitrate, germanium bromide, arsenic acid, hydrogen sulfide?
Figure out the smallest and the largest atom (by volume or by radius) in these lists: Ba, Ca, As, At, Ar, K, Al, S, As, Br. Write the equation representing the first ionization of Bromine_______
What is the name of the energy for this reaction Cl(g) + e (g) = Cl?
Period Table 22