Heart Definition, Location, Size and Weight Heart wall and Pericardium Heart Chambers Auricles Ventricle Blood

vessels attached with Heart Valves of Heart Nodal Tissue Conduction of Heart Beat Cardiac Cycle Auricular Events Auricular systole Auricular Diastole Ventricular events Ventricular Systole Ventricular Diastole

Heart Sounds

Definition: Heart is a muscular, hollow, cone shaped structure made up of cardiac muscle and act as a pumping device which rhythmically beats to circulate blood through out the body. Location: Heart is situated in thoracic cavity in between two lungs. Size and Weight: Adult heart is about 12-13 cm in length, 9-10 cm in breadth and weighs about 300-330 gm.

Heart wall: Wall of heart is made up of 3 layersEpicardium: outer thin layer Myocardium: middle muscular layer Endocardium: inner delicate layer Pericardium: It is a membranous sac that encloses the heart.

Heart chambers: Human heart is four chambered two auricles and two ventricles. A transverse groove that divides heart into anterior auricular part and posterior ventricular part is known as Coronary Sulcus.

These are thin walled upper chambers of heart. Two in number: Right Auricle and Left Auricle. Two auricles are separated by inter-auricular septum. Fossa ovalis, a remnant of foramen ovale lies in this septum. During embryonic stage foramen ovale passes the blood from right auricle into the left auricle. Thin auricular walls helps in pumping the blood into the ventricles.

These are thick walled lower chambers of heart. Two in number: Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle. Two ventricles are separated from each other by interventricular septum. Left ventricle is more larger and thicker than right ventricle because it supplies oxygenated blood all parts of the body except lungs. Inner surface of ventricles has muscular ridges and muscular elevations known as columnae carneae and papillary muscles respectively.

Name of Blood Vessels Superior venacava Inferior venacava Coronary sinus Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Aorta Coronary arteries

Type of blood it carries Head and upper Deoxygenated portion of the body blood Lower portion of the body Heart wall Lungs Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Base of Aorta Deoxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood Oxygenated blood

Originated from

Terminates at Right Auricle Right Auricle Right Auricle Left Auricle Lungs All portion of body except the Lungs Heart wall

Name of Valves
Valve of Thebasius Tricuspid Valve Bicuspid Valve / Mitral Valve Semilunar Valve

Location
Junction between Coronary Sinus and Right Auricle Junction between Right Auricle and Right Ventricle Junction between Left Auricle and Left Ventricle Junction between Left Ventricle and Aorta and Junction between Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery

Function
Allow deoxygenated blood to enter Right Auricle from Coronary Sinus and prevent blood flowing in reverse direction Allow deoxygenated blood to enter Right Ventricle from Right Auricle and prevent blood flowing in reverse direction Allow oxygenated blood to enter Left Ventricle from Left Auricle and prevent blood flowing in reverse direction Allow oxygenated blood to enter the Aorta from Left Ventricle and prevent blood flowing in reverse direction and Allow deoxygenated blood to enter Pulmonary Artery from Right Auricle and prevent blood flowing in reverse direction

Chordae Tendineae : These are thread like structures made up of fibrous tissue. One end of these threads are attached to the edge of tricuspid and bicuspid valves and other end is attached with the papillary muscles. They help to open and close the tricuspid and bicuspid valve and maintain unidirectional blood flow within the heart.

SA node consists of self excitable cardiac muscle . Self excitation of SA node due to spontaneous depolarization generates action potential which is known as Cardiac Impulse. This depolarization wave spreads from SA node to auricular muscle fibre making the auricles to contract. Later on this wave travels through AV node, Bundle of His, Right bundle branch, Left bundle branch and Purkinje fibre making both of the ventricles to contract. In resring condition human heart beats about 72 times per minute.

Definition: The sequence of mechanical and electrical events that cyclically repeated with each heart beat is known as Cardiac cycle. It is comprised of two main events: Auricular Events: It includes a) Auricular Systole b) Auricular Diastole Ventricular Events: It includes a) Ventricular Systole b) Ventricular Diastole

Duration : 0.1 seconds At the beginning of this phase pressure of blood is higher in auricles in comparison to ventricles. As a result auricles contract opening the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. Therefore deoxygenated blood from the right auricle proceeds towards the right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the left auricle moves into the left ventricle.

Duration : 0.7 seconds Blood pressure in pulmonary vein, superior and inferior vena cava is higher than in respective auricles. It makes deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava flow towards the right auricle and oxygenated blood from lungs enter into the left auricle by means of pulmonary vein.

Duration : 0.3 seconds High blood pressure in ventricles open semilunar valves making blood shifts into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Time period between closing of bicuspid-tricuspid valves and opening of semilunar valve is known as Isometric contraction period (0.05 seconds).

In remaining 0.25 seconds blood is released from the ventricle. This is called Ejection period. Initially 80% of blood comes out very quickly (in 0.11 seconds) from the ventricles which is called Maximum Ejection period. Remaining 20% of blood leaves the ventricle rather slowly (in 0.14 seconds). This phase is known as Reduced Ejection period.

Duration : 0.5 seconds Time taken to expand the ventricle and close the semilunar valves is called Protodiastolic Period (0.04 seconds). Time between closing the semilunar valve and opening the bicuspid-tricuspid valve is known as Isometric relaxation period (0.08 seconds).

Blood moves into the ventricle from auricle in remaining 0.38 seconds. This phase is known as Filling phase. Initially 70% of blood quickly flows into the ventricle from the auricle (in 0.113 seconds). This is called First Rapid filling phase. Next 10% of blood proceeds rather slowly into the ventricle (in 0.167 seconds). It is called Diastasis. In last phase Remaining 20% blood enters into ventricle quite quickly (in 0.1 seconds). This is known as Last Rapid Filling Phase.

Auricular Auricular Events Systole Auricular Diastole Isometric Contraction Period Ejection Period Protodiastolic Period Ventricular Diastole Isometric Relaxation Period Filling Phase

Cardiac Cycle Ventricular Systole

Maximum Ejection Period Reduced Ejection Period

Ventricular Events

First Rapid Filling Phase Diastasis Last Rapid Filling Phase

Two heart sounds can be produced in each contraction and relaxation of heart. These sounds can be heard as lubb and dup. The lubb sound is produced due to the closing of bicuspid and tricuspid valves. This sound is lower but long lasting. It is also known as systolic sound. The second sound dup is produced due to the closing of semilunar valves. This sound is sharp and of short duration. It is also called diastolic sound.

 http://www.freescale.com/infocenter/topic/AN4323/2384169.html http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/heart.htm http://www.as.miami.edu/chemistry/2086/new-chap20/newchapter%2020_part2.htm http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/heart_valve_disease.html