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Network Topologies
A single geographical location, such as office building, school, etc Typically High speed and cheaper.
Spans more than one geographical location often connecting separated LANs Slower Costly hardware, routers, dedicated leased lines and complicated implementation procedures.
WANs
Network Topologies
Physical actual layout of the computer cables and other network devices Logical the way in which the network appears to the devices that use it. Bus, ring, star, mesh and wireless
Common topologies:
Bus topology
Uses a trunk or backbone to which all of the computers on the network connect. Systems connect to this backbone using T connectors or taps. Coaxial cablings ( 10Base-2, 10Base5) were popular options years ago.
Bus Topology
Advantages
Cheap and easy to implement
Disadvantages
Network disruption when computers are added or removed A break in the cable will prevent all systems from accessing the network. Difficult to troubleshoot.
Ring Topology
Logical ring
Meaning that data travels in circular fashion from one computer to another on the network. Typically FDDI, SONET or Token Ring technology are used to implement a ring network Ring networks are most commonly wired in a star configuration
Token Ring has multi-station access unit (MSAU),equivalent to hub or switch. MSAU performs the token circulation internally.
Ring Topology
Advantages
Cable faults are easily located, making troubleshooting easier Ring networks are moderately easy to install
Disadvantages
Expansion to the network can cause network disruption A single break in the cable can disrupt the entire network.
Star Topology
All computers/devices connect to a central device called hub or switch. Each device requires a single cable point-to-point connection between the device and hub. Most widely implemented Hub is the single point of failure
Star Topology
Advantages
Easily expanded without disruption to the network Cable failure affects only a single user Easy to troubleshoot and isolate problems
Disadvantages
Requires more cable
A central connecting device allows for a single point of failure More difficult to implement
Mesh Topology
Each computer connects to every other. High level of redundancy. Rarely used.
Wiring is very complicated Cabling cost is high Troubleshooting a failed cable is tricky A variation hybrid mesh create point to point connection between specific network devices, often seen in WAN implementation.
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Mesh Topology
Advantages
Provides redundant paths between devices The network can be expanded without disruption to current uses
Disadvantages
Requires more cable than the other LAN topologies Complicated implementation
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Wireless networking
Do not require physical cabling Particularly useful for remote access for laptop users Eliminate cable faults and cable breaks. Signal interference and security issue.
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Wireless networking
Advantages
Allows for wireless remote access Network can be expanded without disruption to current users
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Disadvantages
Potential security issues associated with wireless transmissions Limited speed in comparison to other network topologies
Baseband transmissions use digital signaling and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Broadband transmissions use analog and Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)
Media interference
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and cross talk Network media vary in their resistance to the effect of EMC.
Attenuation
Resistance :Coaxial cable > UTP, STP > UTP, Fiber > all Maximum distance Repeaters Attenuation-related problems require a network analyzer to detect Transmission capacity of a media Data throughput is measured in bits per second(bps), Mbps, and Gbps For todays application-intensive networks, Old 10Mbps is not enough, 100Mbps is very common and 1000Mbps is used too.
Bandwidth
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Network Media
Copper wire to conduct the signals electronically Was the choice for LAN for many years. Retiring
Copper wire to conduct too Most widely used transmits the signals as light Uses glass or plastic conductor and High Cost. Restricted to where segment length and higher speeds are needed.
Twisted pair
Fiber-optic
Twisted-pair cabling
Has been around for a long time Created for voice transmissions Most widely used media for networking
Lighter More flexible Easier to install Cheaper Greater speeds Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Shielded twisted pair (STP)
Two types:
Twisted-pair cabling
provides the extra shielding by using an insulating material wrapped around the wire Greater resistance to EMI and attenuation More cost
Application
Analog voice Digital voice, 1Mbps data 16Mbps data 20Mbps data Data, 100Mbps, 1G Data, 1G, 10G
RJ-45 connectors
RJ-45 are used with twisted-pair cabling. Resemble ordinary phone jacks (RJ-11) Eight wires instead of four Larger. Check out this page for how to make cat5 cable. http://www.tomax7.com/aplus/cat5.htm
Fiber-optic cable
Use light transmissions EMI, crosstalk and attenuation become no issue. Well suited for data, video and voice transmissions Most secure of all cable media Installation and maintenance procedures require skills Cost of cable Cost of retrofitting of existing network equipment because incompatible with most electronic network equipment
Fiber-optic cable
A single direct bean of light, allowing for greater distances and increased transfer speeds. Many beams of light travel through the cable This strategy weakens the signal, reducing the length and speed the data signal can travel.
Multimode fiber:
Fiber-optic connectors
There are a variety of connectors and several ways of Connecting these connectors, such bayonet, snap-lock, and push-pull connectors. A couple here: FC
LC
SC duplex SC
Wireless media
Three types:
Speeds of wireless solutions dont keep pace with cable solutions Installation and maintenance are far more complicated and costly. Some solutions require line-of-sight, such as infrared and microwave.
IEEE 802.3 standards defines a range of networking systems that are bases on the original Ethernet standard.
Standard
10Base2
Cable type
Thin Coaxial
Segment Length
185 meters
Connector
BNC
Topology
Physical bus
10Base5
500 meters
10BaseT
100 meters
RJ-45
Physical star
100 meters
100BaseF X
1000BaseCX
1000BaseT
Category 5 UTP
100 meters
Check out this page for how to make cat5 cable. http://www.tomax7.com/aplus/cat5.htm Color codes
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Pin Number Designations There are pin number designations for each color in T568B The pin designations are as follows: Color Codes for T568B Pin color pair name --- ---------------1 wh/or 2 TxData + 2 or 2 TxData 3 wh/grn 3 RecvData+ 4 blu 1 5 wh/blu 1 6 grn 3 RecvData7 wh/brn 4 8 brn 4
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Straight-through
Crossover cable
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Networking Devices
31 repeaters Hubs Switches Bridges Routes Gateways Network Interface Cards (NICs) Wireless access points Modems Punch_down panels
Hubs
The bottom of the networking food chain Connect device and create larger networks Small hubs 5-8 ports (workgroup hubs) Some hubs have more ports, up to 32 normally Direct data packets to all devices connected to the hub - shared bandwidth
animation
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Bridges
Divide larger networks into smaller sections Check MAC address, forward or block the data Learning bridge builds list of MAC address by watching the traffic on the network. Two issues to consider:
Types of bridges
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Bridges
Used in Token Ring networks. . The entire path (ring number and bridge number) is embedded within Packet
Translational bridge
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Switches
Like hub, connectivity points of Ethernet network Forward only to the port that connects to the destination device
knows MAC address Match the MAC address in the data it receives.
Fully switched network, a dedicated segment for each device is connected to switch. Expensive.
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Switches
Nodes only communicate with switch, never directly to each other Use twisted pair or fiber optic cabling, using separate conductors for sending and receiving data.
collision pair is used to transmit data It was half duplex before one device can transmit at one given time,
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http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/lan-switch-cisco.shtml
Forward as soon as it received the destination MAC first 14 bytes Can cause propagation of error Error checked before being forwarded Errors are not propagated through network
Store-and-forward
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FragmentFree
Take the advantage of both. Check errors by reading the first 64byte of packets where collision most likely happens Offer near cut-through switching performance
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Common buffer for all ports Internal grid with input port and output crossing each other First check MAC, then switch makes a connection where two ports (input/output) intersect Common-bus Dedicated buffer for each port and a circuit to control the bus access
Matrix
Bus-architecture
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Most LAN switches use transparent bridging to create address lookup tables Transparent bridging is a technology that allows a switch to learn everything it needs to know about the location of nodes on the network within the network administrator having to do anything. Has five parts:
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http://computer.howstuffworks.com/lab-switch10.htm
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http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/lan-switch-transparent.swf
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/lan-switch-cisco.shtml
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Standard port with special cable Special ports with a standard cable
Two wires are crossed internally To see each other as an extension, no signal to be crossed To uncross the internal crossing
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Punch_down panels
Wiring closets
http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=3wdDRtGLiow
Labeling schemes
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Routers
Create larger networks by joining two networks segments. Dedicated hardware device or computer systems with more than one network interface and routing software. Routing table
Use special routing protocols to pass info to other routers. Distance Vector Routing (RIP) Link state routing (OSPF)
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While most switches operate at the Data link layer(layer2), some incorporate features of a router and operate at the network layer (layer3). Layer 3 switches are faster because they are build on switching hardware
a router is needed for VLANS communication Why not build a router in the switch itself and do the forwarding in hardware EX: IP forwarding all in hardware
Route lookup Decrement the Time to Live (TTL) Recalculation the checksum Forward the frame the frame to correct output port
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Gateways
Any device that translate one data format to another is called a gateway.
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CSU/DSU
Channel Server Unit/Digital Service Unit ( CSU/DSU) or Data Service Unit Convert digital format on LAN into signal used on WAN
Sit between LAN and access point provided by telecom company Many routers have CSU/DSU functionality
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Devices that provide connectivity between wireless LAN devices and in most cases a wired network. Antennae Convert signal from radio wave or other to that used on the LANs.
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Modems
Modulator/Demodulator, convert digital signal generated by computer into analog signals that can travel over conventional phone line. Connect to ISP Dialing up to a LAN Internal add-in expansion cards or external devices connect to serial or USB port
PCMCIA cards for laptop Modem itself Speed of the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) chip,
Speed
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Network cards
Driver
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ISDN adapters
Integrated Services Digital Networking (ISDN) is a remote access and WAN technology that can be used in place of a Plain old telephone systems dial-up link Greater speeds than modem, pick up and drop the line considerable faster. Require ISDN terminal adapter
Although digital signal, different format with the those used on LAN. Create multiple communication channels on a single line.
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Function/Purpose Connects devices on a twisted-pair network. Connects devices on a twisted-pair network. Divides networks to reduce overall network traffic.
Key Points A hub does not perform any tasks besides signal regeneration. A switch forwards data to its destination by using the MAC address embedded in each packet. A bridge allows or prevents data from passing through it by reading the MAC address.
Connects networks together. A router uses the software-configured network address to make forwarding decisions. Translates from one data format to another. Gateways can be hardware or software based. Any device that translates data formats is called a gateway.
Translates digital signals usedCSU/DSU functionality is sometimes incorporated into other on a LAN to those used on a devices, such as a router with a WAN connection. WAN. Enables systems to connect Network interfaces can be add-in expansion cards, to the network. PCMCIA cards, or built-in interfaces. Connects devices to ISDN lines. ISDN is a digital WAN technology often used in place of slower modem links. ISDN terminal adapters are required to reformat the data format for transmission on ISDN links. System area network cards are high-performance devices capable of coping with the demands of clustering applications. A WAP is often used to connect to a wired network, thereby acting as a link between wired and wireless portions of the network. Modems modulate the digital signal into analog at the sending end and perform the reverse function at the receiving end.
System area network Used in server clusters to card provide connectivity between nodes. WAP Provides network capabilities to wireless network devices. Modem 57 Provides serial communication capabilities across phone lines.
MAC addresses
Unique 6-byte address burned info network interface, expressed in hexadecimal No matter which protocol is used, MAC address is the means by which the network interface is identified on the network. IEEE managing MAC address assignment
IEEE has a system Identifying the manufacturer by looking at the MAC address
Ifconfig /all on WINDOWs NT/2000 Ifconfig a on Linux/UNIX
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http://www.intel.com/network/connectivity/resources/demo s/gigabit/base.swf
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Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) developed a series of networking standards
Networking technologies developed by manufacturers are Compatible Cabling, networking devices and protocols are all interchangeable under the banner of a specific IEEE
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Specification Name
802.1 Internetworking
802.2
802.3 802.4 802.5 802.6 802.7 802.8 802.9 802.10 802.11 802.12
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Defines characteristics for Ethernet networks. New additions, 802.3u for Fast Ethernet, 802.3z for Gigabit Ethernet, referred to as 802.3x. Speed: Original 10Mbps, Fast Ethernet 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps Topology: bus or star. Media: Coaxial and twisted pair cabling, also fiber optic cable. Access method: CSMA/CD
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Specifies the characteristics for Token Ring Networks. Introduced by IBM in the mid 80s, network topology of choice until the rise of the popularity of Ethernet. Speed: 4 to 16Mbps Topology: logical ring and most often a physical star. Logical ring is often created in the Multistation Access Unit (MSAU) Media: twisted pair cabling. Access method: token passing.
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Specifies the characteristics of wireless LAN Ethernet networks. Special devices called wireless access points to allow communicate. Also connect to wired networks to create wireless portions of entire networks. Speed: 802.11b specifies 11M. Today 802.11g can be 108Mbps Media: 802.11b standard is 2.4G radio waves. Topology: physical wireless, logical bus Access method: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA ), a variation of CSMA/CD.
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FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) standard was developed by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Dual ring technology for fault tolerance Speed: 100Mbps or higher Topology: dual ring topology Media: fiber optic cable, > 2 kilometers. Also possible use copper wire as Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Access method: token-passing access method
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Speed 10Mbps 100Mbps( Fast Ethernet) 1000Mbps 4Mbps and 16Mbps 11Mbps 100Mbps
Physical Topology
Media Coaxial and Twisted pair Twisted pair Twisted pair Twisted pair Radio waves Fiber-optic Twisted pair/CDDI
Access Method CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD Token passing CSMA/CA Token passing
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