Chapter 08

CHAPTER 8
 Molecular
Structure &
Covalent Bonding
Theories
Chapter Goals
Molecular Shapes and Bonding

Chapter Goals


Stereochemistry


Two Simple Theories of
Covalent Bonding


Overview of Chapter
Overview of Chapter
electronic
molecular
Overview of Chapter
 hybrid orbitals

 molecular polarity
VSEPR Theory



VSEPR Theory
VSEPR Theory
VSEPR Theory
VSEPR Theory
VSEPR Theory
VSEPR Theory
 Frequently, we will describe two geometries
for each molecule.
 Electronic geometry is determined by the
Electronic geometry
locations of regions of high electron density
around the central atom(s).
 Molecular geometry
Electron pairs are not used in the
molecular geometry determination just the
positions of the atoms in the molecule are
used.
VSEPR Theory


VSEPR Theory



VSEPR Theory


VSEPR Theory

Polar Molecules: The Influence
of Molecular Geometry

A B A A B
A
linear molecule angular molecule
nonpolar
polar
Polar Molecules: The Influence
of Molecular Geometry

or
Valence Bond (VB) Theory
 overlap

hybridization


Valence Bond (VB) Theory
Regions of Electronic Hybridization
High Electron Geometry
Density
2 Linear sp
3 Trigonal sp2
planar
4 Tetrahedral sp3
5 Trigonal sp3d
bipyramidal
6 Octahedral sp3d2
Molecular Shapes and Bonding


Linear Electronic Geometry:AB2
Species (No Lone Pairs of
Electrons on A)



Electrons on A)
Be
↑↓ ↑↓
↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑
Electrons on A)
Cl Be Cl
Cl Be Cl
Electrons on A)
Cl - -- - Be
Cl Be - --- Cl
Cl
← 1.5→ 3.5
Cl Be Cl   
Electronegativities 3.5
bond dipoles
2.0 are symmetric
2.0
very polar
nonpolar bonds
molecule
Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑↓
⇒ ↑↓↑↑
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Electrons on A)
Trigonal Planar Electronic
Geometry: AB3 Species (No
Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)



B
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Cl
Cl
B
Cl
B
Cl
Cl Cl B - Cl
B
Cl Cl 
Electronegativities 1.5
Cl   
3.0
B 1.5
Cl very polar bonds

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ⇒ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone
Pairs of Electrons on A)
Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone
Pairs of Electrons on A)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry:
AB4 Species (No Lone Pairs of
Electrons on A)



Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑ ↑
↑
Electrons on A)
Electrons on A)
C - H
   2.1
Electronegativities 2.5 
0.4
slightly polar bonds

Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ⇒ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
↑
Electrons on A)
Electrons on A)
Example of Molecules with More
Than One Central Atom
Alkanes CnH2n+2




Example of Molecules with More
Than One Central Atom
Alkanes CnH2n+2
AB3U Species (One Lone Pair of
Electrons on A)

polar

Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
↑
Electrons on A)
Electrons on A)
N - H
Electronegativities 3.0 2.1

0.9
very polar bonds

µ
N - F
Electronegativities 3.0 4.0

1.0
µ
very polar bonds
Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ⇒ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of
Electrons on A)

polar

AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of
Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
↑
AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs
of Electrons on A)
O - H
   2.1
1.4
very polar bonds
µ≈
AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs
of Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ⇒ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
ABU3 Species (Three Lone Pairs
of Electrons on A)


nonpolar
of Electrons on A)
of Electrons on A)
of Electrons on A)
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ⇒ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic
Geometry: AB5, AB4U, AB3U2,
and AB2U3


polar
and AB2U3
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
and AB2U3
and AB2U3
As - F
   4.0
1.9
very polar bonds

and AB2U3
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

⇓
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

and AB2U3
 If lone pairs are incorporated into the trigonal
bipyramidal structure, there are three possible
new shapes.
1. One lone pair Seesaw shape
2. Two lone pairs Tshape
3. Three lone pairs – linear
 The lone pairs occupy equatorial positions
because they are 120o from two bonding pairs
and 90o from the other two bonding pairs.
– Results in decreased repulsions compared to lone pair
in axial position.
and AB2U3

trigonal bipyramid electronic geometry
seesaw shaped molecular geometry
polar


and AB2U3
and AB2U3

T-shaped molecular geometry
polar


and AB2U3
Molecular
Geometry
and AB2U3

linear molecular geometry
nonpolar

XeF2

and AB2U3
Octahedral Electronic Geometry:
AB6, AB5U, and AB4U2


 octahedralnonpolar
polar
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Se - F
   4.0
1.6
very polar bonds

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ __ __ __ __ __
⇓
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ __ __ __ __
 If lone pairs are incorporated into the octahedral
structure, there are two possible new shapes.
1. One lone pair square pyramidal
2. Two lone pairs square planar
 The lone pairs occupy axial positions because
they are 90o from four bonding pairs.
– Results in decreased repulsions compared to lone
pairs in equatorial positions.

octahedral electronic geometry
Square pyramidal molecular geometry
polar



octahedral electronic geometry
square planar molecular geometry
nonpolar


Compounds Containing
Double Bonds


Double Bonds
Double Bonds

Double Bonds

H H
C C
H H
Double Bonds
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ⇒ ↑↑↑ ↑
Double Bonds

Double Bonds

Double Bonds

Double Bonds
 σ
Double Bonds
 π
Double Bonds
 σπ
Triple Bonds


Triple Bonds
Triple Bonds
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ⇒ ↑ ↑ ↑↑
Triple Bonds
σ
Triple Bonds
 π
σπ
Triple Bonds

Summary of Electronic &
Molecular Geometries
Synthesis Question

Synthesis Question
Group Question

End of Chapter 8



Chapter 08

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CHAPTER 8

Molecular Shapes and Bonding

Cl very polar bonds

slightly polar bonds

very polar bonds

very polar bonds

very polar bonds

↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ _ _ _ _ ___

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ _ _ _ _ ___

very polar bonds

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