Work and Kinetic Energy

Ms. Mikaela Fudolig

Physics 71
Intro: Energy and Work
Energy has many forms, including but not
limited to:
kinetic energy
gravitational potential energy
elastic potential energy
thermal energy

Intro: Energy and Work
Energy can change from one form to
another.
However, the total energy of an isolated
system is always conserved.
Work is related to how the energy changes
from one form to another.

Work
A force does work on an object when
1. that force is exerted on that object, and
2. the displacement of the object has a
component parallel or anti-parallel to the
applied force.
NO MOTION W
TOT
= 0
W
TOT
= 0 NO MOTION
Work done by a constant force
The work done by a constant force F
(vector) that acts on a mass m which
moves with a displacement Ax (vector) is

W F x = - A
DOT
PRODUCT
The Dot Product
Consider two vectors A and B.
Connect the two vectors at their tails.
A
B
u
The Dot Product
Then the dot product of A and B is:
A
B
u
cos A B B A AB u - = -
SCALAR!
can be
>,=,<0
The Dot Product
In unit vector notation:

x y z
A A i A j A k = + +

x y z
B B i B j B k = + +
- = - = + +
x x y y z z
A B B A A B A B A B
Exercise 1
A girl pulls on the string at 25 above the
horizontal with a force of 150N. How much
work is she doing on the box as the box
moves along a horizontal distance of 3m?

u
W F x = - A
Exercise 2
A box of mass 5kg slides along a
horizontal surface with an initial velocity v
0
.
What is the work done by
the normal force
the frictional force
on the box if it moved a horizontal distance
0.5m? The coefficient of kinetic friction is

k
=0.2.
Work done by several forces
If there are n constant forces (F
1
, F
2
,,F
n
)
acting on an object moving with
displacement Ax, each force does work on
the object. The work done by force F
i
on
the object is
i i
W F x = - A
Work done by several forces
The TOTAL work done on the object is
1
n
tot i
i
W W
=
=

tot net
W F x = - A
OR EQUIVALENTLY
Exercise 3a
A truck of mass 3000kg is to be loaded
onto a ship by a crane that exerts an
upward force of 31kN on the truck, which
lifts the truck by 2m.
What are the forces acting on the object?
Draw the free-body diagram of the truck.
Exercise 3b
A truck of mass 3000kg is to be loaded
onto a ship by a crane that exerts an
upward force of 31kN on the truck, which
lifts the truck by 2m.
Find the work done by the crane.
Find the work done by gravity.
Find the total work done on the truck.
i i
W F x = - A
tot i
i
W W =

Exercise 4
A box of mass m slides down a frictionless
ramp inclined at an angle o above the
horizontal.
Draw the free-body diagram of the box.
What is the work done by each force acting on
the box if it moves a distance s?
What is the total work done on the box if it
moves a distance s?
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Recall: work change in energy form
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem relates the
work done on an object to the change in
its kinetic energy.
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
From kinematics:

2 2
0
2 v v a x = + - A
From Newtons 2
nd
Law:

net
F ma =
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Combining the two:

2 2
0
2 mv mv ma x = + - A
net
F ma =
2 2
0
2
net
mv mv F x = + - A
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Combining the two:

2 2
0
1 1
2 2
net
mv mv F x = + - A
2 2
0
1 1
2 2
net
F x mv mv - A =
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Combining the two:

tot net
W F x = - A
2 2
0
1 1
2 2
tot
W mv mv =
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Combining the two:

2 2
1 1
2 2
tot f i
W mv mv =
tot net
W F x = - A
Kinetic Energy
energy associated with motion
total work done on an object to accelerate
it from rest to its present speed
2
1
2
K mv =
m=mass
v=speed
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Combining the two:

tot net
W F x = - A
tot f i
W K K K = A =
Conceptual Exercise 5
An object with initial speed v
0
slides on a
rough horizontal surface.
Is the total work done on the object positive,
negative, or zero?
After moving a distance s, is the speed of the
object less than, equal to, or greater than v
0
?
Conceptual Exercise 6
A car is going around a flat circular track at
constant speed. Is the total work done on
the car positive, negative, or zero? Explain
on the basis of the work-kinetic energy
theorem, and confirm by arguments using
the free-body diagram.
Example 1
A truck of mass 3000kg is to be loaded
onto a ship by a crane that exerts an
upward force of 31kN on the truck, which
lifts the truck by 2m.
If the truck is initially at rest on the ground, what
is its speed after being lifted to 2m above the
ground?

Exercise 6
A box of mass m slides down a ramp with
a coefficient of kinetic friction
k
inclined at
an angle o above the horizontal.
If your initial speed is v
0
, what is the boxs final
speed v
f
after moving a distance s?
Work done by a variable force
Again, divide the total displacement into
very, very small displacements.
for each small displacement, the force is
approximately constant.
Hence, take the work done for each small
displacement, then take the sum.
1 2
... = - A + - A + + - A
N
W F x F x F x
Work done by a variable force
Again, divide the total displacement into
very, very small displacements.
for each small displacement, the force is
approximately constant.
Hence, take the work done for each small
displacement, then take the sum.
f
i
x
x
W F dx = -
}
Work done by a variable force
Again, divide the total displacement into
very, very small displacements.
for each small displacement, the force is
approximately constant.
Hence, take the work done for each small
displacement, then take the sum.
f
i
x
x
x
W F dx =
}
F
x
=component
of F along the
displacement
Work done by a variable force
This integral is only the area under the
curve of the F
x
vs. x curve from x=x
i
to
x=x
f
.
f
i
x
x
x
W F dx =
}
Example 3
Constant Force
F
x
x

x
i x
f
f

( )
f i
W f x x
W f x
=
= A
Exercise 7
Force varies linearly with x
F
x
x

x
i x
f
2 2
1 1
2 2
f i
W kx kx =
x
F kx =
Conceptual Exercise 8
If the graph of |F| vs.
x is given, where |F|
is the magnitude of
the applied force, how
do I compute for the
work done on the
box?
u
Work and Newtons 3
rd
Law
Recall:


If A and B have the same displacement,
then

A on B B on A
F F =
A on B B on A
W W =
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
The work-kinetic energy theorem still
applies for forces that vary with x.
Hookes Law
The force needed to stretch a spring by a
distance x from its unstretched length is:
x
F kx =
k=spring constant
Hookes Law
The work you must do on a spring to
stretch it from x
i
to x
f
is:
2 2
1 1
2 2
f i
W kx kx =
x=0 is usually the position of the
movable end of the spring when it is
unstretched.
Hookes Law (Again)
When a spring is compressed or extended
by a small amount x, the force it exerts on
an object is
x
F kx =
k=spring constant
Hookes Law
The work the spring does on an object to
move it from x
i
to x
f
is:
2 2
1 1
2 2
i f
W kx kx =
x=0 is usually the position of the
movable end of the spring when it is
unstretched.
Example 4
A 4-kg block on a frictionless table is
attached to a horizontal spring
(k=100N/m) that obeys Hookes Law
and exerts a force F=-kx i. The spring is
originally compressed with the block at
x
1
=-5cm. The block is then released.
Find the work done by the spring on the
block as the block moves from x
1
to x
2
=0
(the equilibrium position).
Find the blocks speed at x
2
=0.
Power
The power P supplied by a force is the
rate at which the force does work. (Units:
J/s=W). For a constant force F:
W
P F v
t
A
= = -
A
Example 5
A small motor is used to operate a lift that
raises a load of bricks weighing 800N to a
height of 10m in 20s. What is the minimum
power the motor must produce? (i.e.,
assume that the load of bricks is not
accelerating)
W
P F v
t
A
= = -
A