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Coal pulverizers
Coal pulverizers are essentially volumetric devices . As the density of coal is fairly constant, are rated in mass units of tonnes/hr. A pulverizer accepts a volume of material to be pulverized which is dependent on the physical dimensions of the mill and the ability of coal to pass through the coal pulverizing system. The common measure of mass in tonnes enables matching of energy requirements with available coal properties and mill capacity. Increased combustible loss can occur if the furnace volume or mill capacity is less than desirable for a particular coal. The furnace volume and mill capacity in a specific power station may dictate the need to purchase coals which are reactive and which can be ground easily. Size reduction is energy intensive and generally very inefficient with regard to energy consumption. In many processes the actual energy used in breakage of particles is less than 5% of the overall energy consumption.
Mills
There are basically four different types of pulverizing mills which are designed to reduce coal with a top particle size of about 50 mm to the necessary particle size range. Ball&Tube Mill, Ball &Race Mill, Bowl Mill & Impact Mill Each type has a different grinding mechanism and different operating characteristics. There are four unit operations going concurrently within the mill body, coal drying, transport, classification and grinding. For coal pulverizers the capacity of a mill is normally specified as tonnes output when grinding coal with a HGI of 50, with a particle size of 70% less than 75 micron and 1 or 2 % greater than 300 micron and with a moisture in coal of less than 10%. A few manufacturers specify 55 instead of 50 with respect to HGI.. This standardization enables selection of an appropriate mill for a specific duty.
Coal Mills
Classifiers
The classification of solid particles according to their size in the spiral house of a cyclone is illustrated by Figure. The particles can migrate toward the outer wall or the exit tube;
From the force balance on a particle and knowing the path of the gas in the cyclone, the radius rl can be determined, which will be the limiting radius for the radial penetration of a particle of diameter, d.
with
where d is the particle size, rp is particle density, Vt,0 is tangential inlet velocity to the cyclone, r0 is the cyclone radius, and m the dynamic viscosity of the gas.
Assuming that the cyclone precipitates only particles of sizes larger than those whose limiting radius coincides with the cyclone diameter (rt = ro), the limiting (smallest) particle size precipitated can be given as
The total pressure loss coefficient of a cyclone, i.e. the number of lost velocity heads calculated on the basis of the inlet gas velocity to the cyclone is between 10 and 18:
Efficiency A Classifier Mass of Coal Particles in the specified Size Range Total mass of the coal leaving the classifier
Transport between Mill and the Burner For a straight pipe of diameter D the pressure drop per unit length of pipe is given by
p rV primaryair x D
2
* air m pf pg sin
Where air is the coefficient of wall friction for air; ; pf, is the coefficient of friction for the particle in the pipe; and pg is a coefficient corresponding to the weight of the particle.
The friction coefficient for air, lair, can be calculated after Prandtl from
air
The wall friction coefficient of the particles, pf, is a function of the Froude number of the flow, calculated with the gas velocity, as
Fr
v gD
pg
2 2 Fr
Division of pulverized-coal mixture: (a) by alternate layers; (b) after turbulence-promoting screen.
Pulverizer Sizing
The suggestednumber of pulverizers is as follows.
Unit Size (MW) Initial Number of Pulverizers In Operation at MCR with Typical Coal <250 4 250-450 5 450 6
1
5
1
6
2
8