Yousef Abdelmotaal Dr.

Nina Lavlinskaia AP Biology

 Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because A) They are species specific B) They always lead to the same cellular response C) They amplify the original signal manyfold D) They counter the harmful effects of phosphatases E) The number of molecules used is small and fixed Answer : C

 Binding of a signal molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of anions and or cations on opposite sides of the membrane? A) Receptor tyrosine kinase B) G protein-coupled receptor C) Phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer D) Ligand-gated ion channel E) Intracellular receptor Answer : D

1 Gate closed Ions

2 Gate open

3 Gate closed

Signaling molecule (ligand)

Plasma Ligand-gated membrane ion channel receptor

Cellular response

 The activation of receptor tryosine kinases is always characterized by A) Dimerization and phosphorylation B) IP3 binding C) Phosphorylation cascade D) GTP hydrolysis E) Channel protein shape change

Answer : A

 Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways? A) It sends its signal molecules through the blood. B) It sends its signal molecules quite a distance. C) It requires calcium ions. D) It requires binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor. E) It persists over a long period. Answer : D

 Which of the following is true of the mating signal transduction pathway in yeast? A) The pathway carries an electrical signal between mating cell types. B) Mating type a secretes a signal called a factor. C) The molecular details of the pathway in yeast and in animals are very different. D) Scientists think the pathway evolved long after multicellular creatures appeared on Earth. E) The signal reception, transduction, and response occur in the nucleus. Answer : B

 What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators? A) They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an a factor. B) They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead. C) They could divide but never reach full size D) They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells. E) Hormones would not be able to interact with target cells. Answer : D

 From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are A) The paracrine, local, and synaptic stages. B) Signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response. C) Signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation. D) The alpha, beta, and gamma stages. E) Signal reception, cellular response, and cell division. Answer : B

 The process of transduction usually begins A) When the chemical signal is released from the alpha cell. B) When the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way. C) After the target cell divides. D) After the third stage of cell signaling is completed. E) When the hormone is released from the gland into the blood. Answer : B

 When a cell releases a signal molecule into the environment and a number of cells in the immediate vicinity respond, this type of signaling is A) Typical of hormones. B) Autocrine signaling. C) Paracrine signaling. D) Endocrine signaling. E) Synaptic signaling. Answer : C

 A small molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one A) Is called a signal transducer. B) Is called a ligand. C) Is called a polymer. D) Seldom is involved in hormonal signaling. E) Usually terminates a signal reception.

Answer : B

 Which of the following is (are) true of ligand-gated ion channels? A) They are important in the nervous system. B) They lead to changes in sodium and calcium concentrations in cells. C) They open or close in response to a chemical signal. D) Only A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are true. Answer : E