Objectives

At the end of the session, the learners are expected to: Determine the factors that influenced the development of Philippine literature, Trace the development of Philippine literature, Exercise teamwork in group activities.

Works that influenced the views on the Philippines political and economic history:
A History of the Filipino People by Teodoro A. Agoncilio The Philippines: A Past Revisited by Renato E. Constantino

Literary Periods
Before Spanish Colonialism During Spanish Colonialism Under the American Influence The Post-War Era The Present Time

1. Before Spanish Colonialism

Existence of a native syllabry Prof E. Arsenio Manuel recorded folk epics such as: a. Lam-AngIlocano Christian epic b. Hudhudcame from the Ifugao of the Mountain Province c. Hinilawodpagan epic from the Sulod of Panay d. Darangan/ Darangenepic of the Maranaos

Lyric poems a. ambahanshort poems of monoriming heptasyllabic lines; uses metaphorical language in order to comment on human situations that are compared to equivalent phenomena in nature; originated from the HanunooMangyans b. tanagacomes from the Tagalogs; similar to the ambahan

Prose -came in the form of myths, hero tales, legends, fables -famous prose collections written or compiled by Americans: a. Traditions of the Tinguian (1915) by Fay-Cooper Cole b. Philippine Folk Tales (1916) by Coles wife, Mabel Cook Cole c. Philippine Popular Tales (1921) by Dean S. Fansler

Ritual and dance -drama as mimetic dances -priests/priestess presided the ceremonies -traces of Indian Arabic, Malay and Chinese influences were evident -Examples of rituals: a. Chalong of the Ifugao b. Pag-Huaga c. Pagdiwatafrom the Tagbanwa

2. During Spanish Colonialism

Religion exerted the most influence in literature Secular literature was transmitted orally Gaspar Aquino de Belenfirst Filipino literary artist whose work, Ang Pasion ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon Natin (1704), was published. Sinakulo plays became popular.

Secular Literature a. Komedyarose during the 2nd half of the 18th c.; plots based on medieval Spanish ballads -became known as moro-moro -Jose dela Cruz (1746-1829) was the foremost exponent of the genre. b. Awit and Koridoboth narrative poems based on the Spanish ballad -Awit consists of four monoriming dodecasyllabic lines; thestrophe of the korido is four moniriming octosyllabic lines

-Francisco Baltazar or Balagtas promoted the awit. Three of his masterworks are: a. La India Elegante y el Negrito Amante (farce) b. Orosman at Zafira (1857-60), a comedia c. Pinagdaanang Buhayni Florante at Laura sa Cahariang Albania (ed. 1838) Prose and Realism -rise of the printing press in the 19th century

-Modesto de Castros book of manners, Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza (1864) -Fernando Bagongbanta and Tomas Pinpin wrote in Spanish -Pedro Paternos (1857-1911) collection of poems, Sampaguitas (1880), ushers a new form of national consciousness -His other work, Ninay (1885), was the first Filipino novel. -Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896) becomes the guiding spirit of the Propaganda movement.

-wrote the novels, Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1889), and the poem, Mi Ultimo Adios -Emilio Jacintos essays collected under the title Liwanag at Dilim and Andres Bonifacios poems such as Katapusang Hibik ng Filipinas highlighted the theme of freedom from colonial rule.

Under the American Influence (1898-1946)

U.S. imposed English as the medium of instruction. Newspapers and magazines appear in the mainstream. Classification of writings: (1) Romantic, (2) Realistic

Writers who continued to write in Spanish: a. Fernando Ma. Guerrero (1873-1929)Crisalidas (1914), collection of poems b. Cecilio Apostol (1877-1936)Pentelicas (1941) c. Jesus Balmori (1886-1948)- Mi Casa de Nipa (1938), best of Balmoris four books of verse Lope K. Santos Ang Panggingera combines the Balagtas and Rizal traditions

Jose Corazon de Jesus (1896-1932) or Batutewrote Mga Dahong Ginto (Pages of Gold, 1920), Mga Tulang Ginto ni Jose Corazon de Jesus (1958), Buhay at Pag-Ibig, Mga Piling Tula (1973); penned a column in Buhay Manila (Life in Manila) First decade of the 20th century saw the rise of English writing Jose Garcia Villa (1906-1997)Many Voices (1939)

Alejandro G. Abadilla (1904-1969)-Ako ang Daigdig Amado V. Hernandez (103-1970)Kayumanggi Komedya retains its stature as drama. Zarzuela was Filipinized by the 19th century. Dramatists: a. Aurelio Tolentino (1868-1915)Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas b. Juan Abad (1872-1932)- Tanikalang Ginto

c. Severino Reyes (1861-1942)wrote sarswela and Walang Sugat; attacked the komedya d. Patricio Mariano (1877-1935)- Anak ng Dagat (1922) e. Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (1917-1995) Forsaken House and Frustration Hollywood films arrive; students begin to write one-act plays. Serialization of novels in newspapers begin.

Novelists: a. Valeriano Hernandez Pea (18581922)exponent of the romantic novel; wrote Nena at Neneng (1903) b. Iigo Ed. Regalado (1888-1976)May Pagsintay Walang Puso (1921) c. Lope K. Santos- Banaag at Sikat (1904) d. Faustino Aguilar (1882-1955)Pinaglahuan (1907), Lihim ng Isang Pulo (1926)

e. Juan C. Laya (1911-1952)- His Native Soil, first Filipino novel in English Short story masters: a. Arturo B. Rotor (1907-1988)- The Wound and the Scar b. Manuel E. Arguilla (1910-1944)- How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Stories c. Tagalog writers: Deogracias A. Rosario (1894-1936) and Jesus A. Arceo (1915-)

Important literary traditions: a. Arts for arts sake-Jose Garcia Villa b. Proletarian literature-Salvador Lopez Japanese pushed for the use of Tagalog and de-emphasized English

Post-War Period
Lumbera classifies the period as Contemporary Philippine Writing (19461975) Entry of new Criticism Resurgence of nationalist movement with students as core Imposition of Martial Law

3 poets who made an impact during the period: a. Amado Hernandez b. Jose Garcia Villa c. Alejandro Abadilla Other writers: a. Carlos Angeles- A Stun of Jewels b. Teo S. Baylen Tinig ng Darating c. Alejandro Hufana- Poro Point Anthology

d. Epifanio San Juan- Maliwalu, God Kissing Carrion, The Exorcism and Other Poems e. Rolando Tinio- Sitsit ng Kuliglig, Dunung-Dunungan f. Virgilio Almario- Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina, Makinasasyon, Peregrinasyon g. Cirilo F. Bautista h. Lamberto Antonio