Pre - Lab Report Post Lab Report

Silva, Lourdes

Mercado, Mary Joy

Pangilinan, Alyssa Pamela Ventilacion, Isiah Bernard

Permeability is a separation process where in the semi-permeable membrane acts as a barrier that controls the rate and movement of various molecules between two liquid phases, two gas phases, or a liquid and a gas phase.

Va = kdh dL

Hydraulic gradient Volumetric flow rate per unit cross-sectional area

also called the void fraction is the measure of the empty space in a material It is a ratio of the void volume to the total volume of the material. It is usually ranges from 0-1, or in percentage 0-100% = Vv VT

To determine the permeability and the filtration grain diameter of the porous granular media (sand)

Permeability and Fluidization Apparatus Pre-sieve sand (ds > 0.5mm and approximately 0.54kg) Electronic balance 50-mL beaker (2pcs) Thermometer (0.1 C calibration)

Preliminary Operation Experimental Procedure Shutdown

Flow rate 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 600 500 400 300

Head Loss (mm H2O) 0.095 0.097 0.114 0.122 0.169 0.233 0.323 0.420 0.390 0.346 0.321 0.275

Velocity, Va (mm/s) 4.0584 4.1437 4.8696 5.2117 7.2194 9.9529 13.7975 17.9412 15.9662 14.1645 13.1410 11.2582

dh/dL

Manometer Difference (mm H2O) 95 97 114 122 169 233 323 420 390 346 321 275 .5278 .5389 .6333 .6778 .9389 1.2944 1.7944 2.3333 2.1667 1.9222 1.7833 1.5278

0.5278 0.05389 0.06333 0.06778 0.09389 0.12944 0.04944 0.03333 0.07166 0.01922 0.10783 0.03527

200
100 0

0.226
0.191 0.125

9.2524
7.8192 4.1170

0.02255
0.01061 0.00694

226
191 125

1.2556
1.0611 .694

Determine the porosity, , of the bed.

= volume of void space total volume occupied

100 100 = 100 = 0.67 150

Determine the permeability, k, of the filter media ( such as sand)

K = g (d/6) 5 (1-)

Determining the Head Loss, h, of mm H2O.

Headloss = P/ P = difference in manometer reading

= density of the water, 1000kg/m

Determining the Velocity, Va in mm/s

Va = Kdh dL
Headloss = P/ Length (height of the media inside the perspex column) =constant

K = Va = (d/6) g _________________ 5 (1-)

Determine the filtration grain diameter, d, using the Kozeny-Carman Equation

Va =KK dh (d/6) = g Va = g 5 (1-) dL (d/6) dh

5 (1-) dL dh = 5Va (1 - ) (6/d) K dL = g g (d/6)

5 (1-)

d = ___________

2.5

head loss (h) vs flow velocity (Va)

1.5 h 1

increasing flowrate decreasing flowrate

0.5

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Va 12 14 16 18 20

Figure 1. The relationship between Head Loss (h) and Flow Velocity (Va).

0.6

hydraulic gradient (dh/dL) vs flow velocity (Va)

0.5

0.4

dh/dL

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Va 12 14 16 18 20

Figure 2. The relationship between Hydraulic Gradient (dh/dL) and Flow Velocity (Va)

What are the importance of knowing the permeability of a given porous medium ?
Porosity and permeability are two of the primary factors that control the movement and storage of fluids in rocks and sediments. They are intrinsic characteristics of these geological materials. The exploitation of natural resources, such as groundwater and petroleum, is partly dependent on the properties of porosity and permeability. Oil mining is the most relevant field in chemical engineering that applies the concept of permeability. It is important to know the permeability of the rock, or the reservoir, to calculate how easily the hydrocarbons will flow out of them. This is the simplest level in analysis of reservoir in oil mining.

What operating parameters must be considered in determining the permeability of a given porous media ? Does the choice of liquid affect the result of the experiment ?
The operating parameters are the grain size diameter and the porosity of the granular media. Yes. A viscous fluid will have a hard time passing a low porosity media.

What is the importance of having a high or low permeability of certain material ?

Permeability is the capacity of a rock or sediment to move water or other fluids through it's pore space. Things with high permeability would be things like beach sand or a loosely packed sandstone, and things will low permeability would be things like granites and other igneous porphyries.

Based on the data gathered in the experiment, it shows that the flowrate is directly proportional to its pressure drop. As you increase the flow rate, the pressure inside the column is also increasing causing the granular material to move. However, there are some discrepancies in the experimental data. The liner relationship between Hydraulic Gradient and flow velocity cannot be observed. This may be because of technical errors involved. It is highly recommended that before starting the experiment, the apparatus is in good condition. Leaks and other important factors must be check before doing the experiment. More importantly, the apparatus should be calibrated well to become more accurate and less to errors.

Always look for the bubble cap to prevent the over pressuring or open the bubble cap when calibrating to prevent bubble from building up.
Valve 1 & 4 MUST be closed at the start of zero flowrate reading. Only valve 5 & 6 must be open.

When increasing flowrates always open the Valve 5 to releave pressure on the rotameter and allow a good passage of air.

When the water on the sides of water manometer reaches the extreme points close Valves 5 & 6 and open Valve 4. Do not open Valve 5 & 6 in the same manner when calibrating, because air will penetrate the whole system, therefore water will not move. Always open the faucet during the experiment to maintain the proper amount of water in the head tank. Loss of water would give an error on your reading.

Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering 6th Ed by McCabe, Smith, Harroitt Transport Phenomena and Separation Process by Geankoplis Physical Chemistry 6th Ed by Levine Physical Science by Keith Instrumentation and Design of Chemical Engg Equipments Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook 8th Ed