Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SUBMITTED TO : Dr. A KASI VISHWANATH READER, CENTRE FOR NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVIKA LAISHRAM
CONTENTS
WHAT IS PHOTONICS NEED TO STUDY PHOTONICS NANOSCALE QUANTUM OPTICS ALL OPTICAL ROUTING PLASMONICS FOR ENHANCED MAGNETIC STORAGE DIAGNOSIS,THERAPY AND DRUG DELIVERY USING LIGHT NANOSCALE IMAGING CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SENSORS AT MOLECULAR SCALE NANOTAGGING MANIPULATION OF LIGHT DISTRIBUTION SELF ASSEMBLY OF NANOPARTICLES NANOPHOTONIC MATERIALS WITH TAILORED OPTICAL PROPERTIES GRAPHENE PHOTONICS NANOPHOTONICS ON A CHIP INTEGRATION WITH ELETRICAL CIRCUITS BIODERIVED PHOTOMATERIAL NANOPHOTONICS FOR MEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY PEBBLE AND NANOCLINICS FUTURE OUTLOOK
Over the next ten years nanophotonic structures and devices promise dramatic reductions in energies of device operation, densely integrated information systems with lower power dissipation, enhanced spatial resolution for imaging and patterning, and new sensors of increased sensitivity and specificity Encompassing areas such as metamaterials , plasmonics, quantum nanophotonics and functional photonic materials, nanophotonics is perceived as a basic research field.
Control of emission with nanostructures provides new sources for q-optics and improve properties of more conventional solid state LEDs and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers. Control of optical logic with single quantum systems open new avenues for q-information and applications in security and cryptography. Nanoscale control of light emission with highly spatially structured fields would allow the violation of conventional quantum selection rules for absorption and emission offering new prospects for applications.
Recent improvements in track width and optical efficiecny were obtained using antennas with advantageous near-optical effects on pattererned media
Tip enhanced scanning microscopys scalability in frequency , allows nanoscale imaging with wavelength of choice to manipulate specific resonance of material system
High encoding capacity along with the applicability of the manufactured bar codes to multiplexed assays allows accurate measurement of variety of molecular interactions leading to new opportunities in genomics, proteomics high throughput screening and medical diagnostics.
Strongly coupled exciton-photon systems can radically change the emission and lasing properties of devices. These devices have shown Bose-Einstein condensation and room temperature polariton lasing.
For emitting devices like LEDs the emission at grazing incidence beyond critical angle is trapped in the device or coupled in a tp guided layer , resulting in narrow escape cone for the emitted light.
Graphene photonics
Applications include solar cells ,LEDs, touch screens, photodetectors, ultrafast lasers. Grapehene is a novel material combining both optical and electronic properties. The carrier density in graphene can be controlled by applying an external voltage such that the electromagnetic reaction results in a tuneable spectral response. Grapehene will add electro-optical capability to metamaterials especially in IR and tetra hertz domain. By proper tuning, graphene offers the potential of larger field enhancement than in the case of metals.
Nanophotonics on a Chip
Future electronics will rely on nanophotonics for transmitting information across the chip. This will enable the electronics industry to continue scaling in size and bandwidth without the existing limitations in power. The optical elements are required to be compatible with silicon, the material of choice for electronics, i.e, silicon nanophotonics. Light amplification and emission can be achieved by using silicon as a nonlinear optical material as refractive index for silicon is very high, and extremely compact waveguides can be created that confine light very tightly . This results in the ability of the devices to operate at very low power levels.
Integration with Electronic Circuits for Ultrasmall, Ultrahigh-speed Information Communications Applications
With rapid advances in CMOS and CMOS-compatible processing techniques Si-based device like coupled resonator-waveguide have started to gain popularity, despite the indirect gap nature of Si (Hogan 2010). Ultrasmall dimensioned lasers utilizing semiconductor or metal materials can provide highly efficient optical sources that can be readily integrated on-chip.
SEM image of a Si-based ring resonator coupled to a waveguide. Inset shows the entire ring structure (Alameda 2004).
Bacteriorhodopsin.
Naturally occurring protein for which a broad range of photonic applications Its robustness, ease of processing into optical quality films is suitable photophysics and photochemistry of the excited state, and flexibility for chemical and genetic modifications make this protein of significant interest for photonic applications (Birge et al., 1999). These applications include random access thin film memories , photon counters and photovoltaic converters , spatial light modulators, reversible holographic media, artificial retinas , twophoton volumetric memories and pattern recognition systems.
DNA
Naturally occurring DNA exhibits a number of properties useful for photonics. The constituent nucleotide building blocks of DNA (involving heterocyclic ring bases) are optically transparent (nonabsorbing) over a wider spectral range, from 350 nm to 1700 nm. Their specificity in hybridization (selectivity in base pairing to form double strand) and their ability to bind on their surface through electrostatic attraction ( DNA being negatively charged), or intercalate within the double strand, allows them to incorporate various photonic active structural units. Their dielectric properties are suitable for them to be used as cladding layer for polymer electro-optic devices.
FUTURE OUTLOOK
utilizing inorganic:organic hybrid nanostructures and nanocomposites can produce broadband harvesting of solar energy while using flexible low-cost, large-area roll-to-roll plastic solar panels and solar tents. rare-earth-doped nanoparticle up-converters and quantum cutters. can be utilized to harvest solar photons at the edges of solar spectrum specifically in the IR and in the deep UV. for lighting applications especially in mercury-free efficient lighting sources, display and security, quantum-cutter nanoparticles can be utilized.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
society has to deal with the rapid increase of information and the need to store, display, and disseminate it, increased processing speed, increased bandwidth (more channels to transmit information), high-density storage, and highresolution, flexible thin displays are going to demand new technological innovations. wireless communications, coupling of photonics to RF/microwave will play a major role in future information technology. Photonic crystal-based integrated photonic circuits, as well as hybrid nanocomposite-based display devices and RF/photonic links, are some specific examples
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
There is an ever-increasing need to enhance the capability of sensor technology for health, structural, and environmental monitoring. new strains of microbial organisms and the spread of infectious diseases that require rapid detection and identification. This requires point detection as well as environmental monitoring. Another area of major concern, worldwide, is the threat ofchemical and biological terrorism. The detection not only for danger posed to health, through chemical and biological agents, but for structural damage. Nanophotonics-based sensors utilizing nanostructured multiple probes provide the ability for simultaneous detection of many threats, as well as the ability for remote sensing where necessary.
NANOMEDICINE
Nanomedicine utilizing light-guided and light-activated therapy, with ability to monitor real-time drug action, will lead to new approaches for more effective and personalized molecular-based therapy. A major concern already raised by many is any long-term adverse health effects (such as toxicity, accumulation in vital organs, obstruction of circulatory system, etc.) produced by nanoparticles.
REFERENCES
Nanophotonics European Association foresight report june 2011. Nanophotonics by Paras N Prasad Applications: Nanophotonics and Plasmonics by Evelyn L. Hu, Mark Brongersma, Adra Baca32 Nanophotonics: Interactions, Materials, and Applications by Yuzhen Shen, Christopher S. Friend, Yan Jiang, Daniel Jakubczyk, Jacek Swiatkiewicz, and Paras N. Prasad*