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Submitted by
T.VANI SANTHOSHI 09W91A0252 CH.ASHWINI - 09W91A0217 V.PRIYANKA GOUD 09W91A0256 D.BASAVESHWAR 07W91A0208 E.RAVI RAJA - 08W91A0239
Under the guidance of M.Spandana,M.tech Asst.Prof, EEE department Malla Reddy Institute of Engineering and Technology
INTRODUCTION
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a type
of adjustable-speed drive
It is used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
DC Drives AC Drives DC drives are dc motor control systems AC drives are AC motor speed control systems
What is a VFD
It controls the rotational speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency of electrical power supplied to motor.
EVOLUTION OF VFD
Danfoss = First company to mass produce a.c. variable frequency drives (VFD)
1968
1973
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2007
DESCRIPTION OF VFD
A variable frequency drive generally consists of following:
Ac motor
AC MOTOR
It is usually a 3 phase induction motor. An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current. The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current delivered through slip rings or by a permanent magnet.
Bridge rectifier
DC link
Inverter
DC LINK
DC intermediate power is then converted to quasi sinusoidal AC power using inverter switching circuit
BASIC INVERTER
It changes DC energy into three channels of AC energy that can be used by AC motor
OPERATOR INTERFACE
The operator interface often includes an alphanumeric display and/or indication lights and meters to provide information about the operation of the drive. A serial communications port is also often available to allow the VFD to be configured, adjusted, monitored and controlled using a computer
WORKING OF VFD
AC motor characteristics require the applied voltage to be proportionally adjusted whenever frequency is changed in order to deliver the rated torque
METHODS OF CONTROL
There are many methods of control for frequency in variable frequency drives
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern electronic power switches.
TYPES OF VFD
VFDs use their output devices (IGBTs, Transistors, thyristors) only as switches.
Constant current drives : large inductor is placed between the input rectifier and the output bridge, so the current delivered is nearly constant
Cooling of the motor is usually not good in low speed range When frequency reaches zero, motor is shut off. The motor shall require a load reactor and filters if the pump leads from the VFD exceed certain conditions
ENERGY SAVINGS
Example : vfd for centrifugal pump Flow is proportional to speed Power varies to the cube of the speed change 20% reduction in speed = 50% reduction in energy
VFD RATINGS
VFD controllers designed to operate at 111v volts to 690v are often classified as low voltage units.
Typically designed for use with motor rated to deliver 0.2 k.watts up to several mega watts. Medium voltage VFD controllers are designed to operate at 2400/4162 volts (60hz), 3000 volts(50 hz )
APPLICATIONS
VFDs are frequently used to control motors for: Fans, Pumps, Compressors
Mills.
Oil & Gas, petroleum, petro chemistry: oil transfer pumps, compressors, pumps, etc.
Mining: mortar pumps, fans, etc. Water and waste water: water supply pump, etc.
CONCLUSION
Hence variable frequency drives are mainly used because of the following reasons:
Stable and reliable performance Saves energy and therefore reduces energy costs
Isolated control signal provided by fibre optics between Power cell and Controller
QUERIES ???
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