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PRESENTATION BY
SUPARNA.K.S
CONTENTS
what is an Earthquake? Causes and Effects of an Earthquake. Damages by Earth quake. FM and its position in Electromagnetic Spectrum. Propagation of Very High Frequency Wave. Anomalies Observed in the Reception of FM Radio Waves. Equipments Used For the Detection of Anomaly in FM. Possibility of Earthquake Detection by observing the Anomaly in FM. Relation between Earthquake and Ionospheric Plasma Density Variation. Classification of Anomalies. Earthquake Prediction using Kushidas
Methodology.
CONCLUSION REFERENCE
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE ?
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. These seismic waves travels through earths interior. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter. Absolute magnitude is measured in RICHTER or MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE and felt magnitude is measured in MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE.
man-made.
EFFECTS
Shaking and ground rupture Landslides and avalanches Fires Soil liquefaction Tsunami
Floods
DAMAGES BY EARTHQUAKE
VHF (Very High frequency) range is from 30MHz to 300MHz and FM uses this range.
Short pulses or echoes(duration 100ms) are observed in radio reception due to entry of meteors into the earths atmosphere or passage of aircrafts. Thunderstorms and other weather activities, Geomagnetic disturbances are also responsible for anomalous reception. Base line fluctuation due to sporadic E
POSSIBILITY OF EARTHQUAKE DETECTION BY OBSERVING THE ANOMALY IN FM Radio echo used to appear one to
several times in a day and before two to three weeks of earthquake occurrence. After two to nine days from the last appearance of echo earthquake have occurred. High density plasma in ionosphere E layer over the epicenter before and after earthquake. A co-seismic EM phenomenon has been detected in VHF band. The VHF emissions have been continued for about three hours, after the seismic wave.
The starting times of VHF emissions corresponded to arrival times of seismic P- and S-wave, respectively.
Thus short term earth-quake prediction can be possible by studying the anomalies in fm reception
Detected co-seismic EM waves in VHF band at Hiroshima City Univ. on Mar 24,2001 at Geiyo EQ
CLASSIFICATION OF ANOMALIES
CD:-charge-discharge anomalies BT:-base-line thickness anomalies CDS:-charge-discharge dominant with superposed BT BTS:-base line thickness dominant with superposed CD
Forcast of date
In most cases the first appearance precedence is in the range of 4-8 days.The maximal anomaly precedence is in the range of 2-3 days and preseismic pause in about 1 day.An early warning can be made after the first appearance of the anomaly.the date of future earthquakes can be forecasted by observing the preseismic maximal of the anomaly strength and it can be refined after observing the preseismic pause.
FORECAST OF MAGNITUDE
Depends on the BT component. Depends on significance of CD anomaly where v0 is the usual baseline thickness the strength of BT and BTS anomaly is measured by
CONCLUSION
92 Kushida predictions mentioning the possibility of M 5.5 event, whereas there were 49 M 5.5 earthquakes in the Japanese region.
REFERENCES
Y.Kushida and R.Kushida,On the possibility of Earthquake Forecast by Radio observation in the VHF band T.Yoshida and M.Nishi,Co-seismic VHF Emission Associated with Earthquakes Wikipedia Search Engine