Introduction to IT Infrastructure CITM-301 Week-1

Part-1: Introduction/Essential Concepts Part-2: The Internet

Khalil A. Abuosba, Ph.D.

Winter 2012
Ryerson University

Lecture Outline
Part-1: Essential Concepts 1.1 Introduction
Brief history of Data Communications, Communications, Information Systems and the Internet

1.2 - Data Communications Networks

Network components, network types

1.3 - Network Models

OSI model, Internet model, transmission via layers

1.4 - Network Standards

Standards making, common standards

1.5 - Future Trends

Pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services

1.6 Implications for Management Part-2: The Internet

Definition: Data
Date are a collection of row facts, statistics, and/or observations.

Definition: Information
A collection of facts organized in such a way/context that they have additional value/meaning beyond the value of the facts themselves.

Information & Communication

Networking is critical to the new corporate structures emerging in todays businesses Benefits of good networks
make geographically dispersed companies more manageable help top-heavy companies trim down middle management help companies break down barriers between divisions. make automation and quality enforcement easier to implement.

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Definition: Networking Architecture

Networking architecture refers to an organized set of documents that defines a protocol (a set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate) as well as defines some logical and physical networking requirements.

Information Age
First Industrial Revolution
Introduction of machinery New organizational methods Changed the way people worked

Second Industrial Revolution Information Age

Introduction of computers Introduction of networking and data communication Changed the way people worked again

Faster communication Collapsing Information lag

Brought people together Globalization

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The Collapsing Information Lag

Historical developments in electronic communications

sped up the rate and volume of transmission of information

telegraph

1850
Information took days or weeks to be transmitted

1900

1950

2009
large quantities of information transmitted in a fraction of a second

Information transmitted in minutes or hours

growth of telecommunications and especially computer networks

Globalization of networks
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Three Parts to Understanding

Networking
1. Concepts of networking
How data moves from one computer to another over a network Theories of how networks operate

2. Technologies in use today

How theories are implemented, specific products

How do they work, their use, applications

3. Management of networking technologies

Security Network Design Managing the network
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Advances in Phone Technology

first transcontinental and transatlantic phone connections Telstar (Telecommunications via satellite), Fax services, digital transmission (Tcarriers)
1948 1962

Phone invented
1876

Packet-switched data communications

1915 1919

1976 1984

1969

Strowger (stepper) switch, rotary dial phones (enabling automatic connections)

Microwave trunk lines (Canada)

Picturefone (failed commercially)

Cellular telephone

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Regulation of Inventions
FCC established
A time for technological change
1876 1885 AT&T

Regulation began in the USA (ICC)

1900 1910

Carterfone court decision allowing non-Bell CPE

1934 1968 1970

Deregulation period
1996
1984

Phone invented (rapid

acceptance)

Bell System: de facto monopoly

Consent decree by US federal court MCI wins court case; begins providing some long distance services 1996 US Telecom Act
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millions of phones in use in the US

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1984 Consent Decree

Deregulation: IXCs and LECs

Competitive long distance (IXC) market; MCI & Sprint enter long distance telephone market (among others) Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) service markets remained under RBOC monopoly
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US Telecom Act of 1996

Replaced all current laws, FCC regulations, 1984 consent decree, and overrules state laws Main goal: open local markets to competition

To date, though, local and long distance competition slow to take hold
Large IXCs expected to move into the local markets, happening only recently Likewise, RBOCs expected to move into long distance markets, happening only recently
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Worldwide Competitive Markets

Internet market
Extremely competitive with more than 5000 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the US alone. Heavy competition in this area may lead to a shake out in the near future.

World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement (1997)

commitments by 68 countries to open, deregulate or lessen regulation in their telecom markets

Multi-national telecom companies

US companies offering services in Europe, South America European companies offering services in USA

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Definition: Information System

A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.

History of Information Systems

Batch processing mainframes Online real-time, transaction oriented systems (replaced PC LANs batch processing. DBMSs become become common) common

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Data communications over phone lines (became common and mainframes became multiuser systems)

PC revolution Networking everywhere

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Definition: Distributed Information System

A distributed information system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a single computer. [Tanenbaum]

Examples of Distributed Information System

The world wide web information, resource sharing Clusters, Network of workstations Distributed manufacturing automated assembly line) system (e.g.,

Network of branch office computers Information system to handle automatic processing of orders Network of embedded systems New Cell processor (PlayStation 3)

Internet Milestones
NSFNet Originally called ARPANET, created as US the Internet began as a Internet military-academic network backbone commercial access to the Internet begins
1990

1969

1983

1986

1994

2007

ARPANET splits: Milnet - for military Internet - academic, education and research purposes only

Government funding of the backbone ends

Worldwide: Over 1 billion Internet users

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Net Neutrality
Net neutrality means that for a given type of content (i.e. email, web, video, etc), all content providers are treated the same. Net neutrality prevents ISPs from giving priority to some content providers, while slowing down others

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1.2 Data Comm Networks

Telecommunications =
Transmission of voice, video, and/or data - Implies longer distances - Broad term

Data Communications =
Movement of computer information by means of electrical or optical transmission systems

convergence

Broadband Communications
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Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing Interfacing Signal generation Synchronization Exchange management Error detection and correction Flow control Routing Recovery Message formatting Security Network management

The key tasks that must be performed in a data communications system. Transmission system utilization - need to make efficient use of transmission facilities typically shared among a number of communicating devices Interfacing is required between a device and the transmission system once an interface is established, signal generation is required for communication Synchronization is required between transmitter and receiver, to determine when a signal begins to arrive and when it ends

 there is a variety of requirements for communication between two parties that might be collected under the term exchange management Error detection and correction are required in circumstances where errors cannot be tolerated Flow control is required to assure that the source does not overwhelm the destination by sending data faster than they can be processed and absorbed Addressing and routing, so a source system can indicate the identity of the intended destination, and can choose a specific route through this network Recovery allows an interrupted transaction to resume activity at the point of interruption or to condition prior to the beginning of the exchange

 Message formatting has to do with an agreement between two parties as to the form of the data to be exchanged or transmitted Frequently need to provide some measure of security in a data communications system Network management capabilities are needed to configure the system, monitor its status, react to failures and overloads, and plan intelligently for future growth.

Basic Communications Model

Source: Generates data to be transmitted

Transmitter: Converts data into transmittable

signals. Transmission System: Carries data. Receiver: Converts received signal into data. Destination: Takes incoming data.

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Simplified Network Model

WAN

LAN

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Basic Communications Model

Example
Communication between a workstation and a server

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Trends Driving Data Communication Traffic growth

Voice & data over Internet Protocol (IP); local and long distance

Development of new services

Multimedia on demand and TV distribution

Advances in technology
Encourage and support increased growth and new developments

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Key Technology Trends Faster and cheaper computing platforms, communications hardware, and software Increasingly intelligent networks, management and assessment tools Growing importance of Internet, intranet and extranet applications Increasing use of and dependence on mobile and wireless technology

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Enterprise Networks Drivers

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Enterprise Networks Convergence

A Three-Layer Model

1.

Applications: Seen by end users

Voice calling, email, and instant messaging Group collaboration and relationship management

2.

Enterprise Services: Seen by network Manager

Design, maintenance, and support services Authentication, capacity management, and QoS

3.

Infrastructure: Enterprise available assets

Links, LANs, WANs, and Internet connections
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Unified Communication (UC) Convergence

Web 2.0: Second generation web capabilities
1.
2.

User generated content (blogs, wikis, clips, etc.)

Desktop like user interface friendly capabilities

Real-Time Communication (RTC): desktop and mobile software clients functionalities

IP Enabling Contact Centers: Enhance customer contact center functionality and performance
IP Mobility: Remote access technology and mobile employees support IP Wireless: IP packet extended to support local and wide area wireless communication

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Business Information Requirements

Personal, Workgroup, and Enterprise
Unified Integrated Communications: Voice communications

Data communications
Image communications Video communications

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Components of a Local Area Network

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Network Types (based on Scale)

Local Area Networks (LAN) - room, building
a group of PCs that share a circuit.

Backbone Networks (BN) - less than few kms

a high speed backbone linking together organizational LANs at various locations.

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (more than a

few kms)
connects LANs and BNs across different locations Often uses leased lines or other services used to transmit data.

Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (far greater than 10

kms)
Same as MAN except wider scale
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LANs and Backbones, Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks

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Intranet vs. Extranet

Intranet
A LAN that uses the Internet technologies within an organization Open only those inside the organization Example: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranet

Extranet
A LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an organization including some external constituents Open only those invited users outside the organization Accessible through the Internet Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company over an extranet
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Layered Implementation of Communications Functions

Applications Applications

Single layer implementation

-Networking with large components is complex to understand and implement

OS

Communication Communication
OS

Applications OS

Applications OS

Multi layer implementation

-Breaking down into smaller components -Easier to implement
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Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1.3 Multi-layer Network Models

The two most important such network models: OSI and Internet Open Systems Interconnection Model
Created by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a framework for computer network standards in 1984 Based on 7 layers

Internet Model
Created by DARPA originally in early 1970s Developed to solve to the problem of internetworking

Based on 5 layers
Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite
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7-Layer Model of OSI

Physical DataLink Network Transport Session Presentation Application

Application Layer
set of utilities used by application programs

Presentation Layer
formats data for presentation to the user provides data interfaces, data compression and translation between different data formats

Session Layer
initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session between sender and receiver
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7-Layer Model of OSI

Transport Layer
deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiver

Network Layer
responsible for making routing decisions

Data Link Layer

deals with message delineation, error control and network medium access control

Physical Layer
defines how individual bits are formatted to be transmitted through the network
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Internets 5-Layer Model

Physical DataLink Network Transport Application Please Do Not Touch Alligators

Application Layer
used by application program

Transport Layer
responsible for establishing end-to-end connections, translates domain names into numeric addresses and segments messages

Network Layer - same as in OSI model Data Link Layer - same as in OSI model Physical Layer - same as in OSI model
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Comparison of Network Models

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Message Transmission Using Layers

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Protocols
Used by network model layers

Sets of standardized rules to define how to communicate at each layer and how to interface with adjacent layers
Layer N+1 Layer N+1 Layer N Layer N-1
sender receiver
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Layer N
Layer N-1

Message Transmission Example

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http://www.infocellar.com/networks/osimodel.htm

OSI Data Encapsulation

Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

The combination of data and control information is a protocol data unit (PDU) Typically control information is contained in a PDU header
control information is used by the peer transport protocol at computer B

Headers may include:

source port, destination port, sequence number, and error-detection code

OSI Data Encapsulation

At any particular layer N, a PDU is a complete message that implements the protocol at that layer. However, when this layer N PDU is passed down to layer N-1, it becomes the data that the layer N-1 protocol is supposed to service. Thus, the layer N protocol data unit (PDU) is called the layer N-1 service data unit (SDU).

http://www.infocellar.com/networks/osi-model.htm

OSI Data Encapsulation

At any particular layer N, a PDU is a complete message that implements the protocol at that layer. However, when this layer N PDU is passed down to layer N-1, it becomes the data that the layer N-1 protocol is supposed to service. Thus, the layer N protocol data unit (PDU) is called the layer N-1 service data unit (SDU). The job of layer N-1 is to transport this SDU, which it does in turn by placing the layer N SDU into its own PDU format, preceding the SDU with its own headers and appending footers as necessary. This process is called data encapsulation, because the entire contents of the higher-layer message are encapsulated as the data payload of the message at the lower layer.

http://www.infocellar.com/networks/osi-model.htm

OSI Data Encapsulation

The job of layer N-1 is to transport this SDU, which it does in turn by placing the layer N SDU into its own PDU format, preceding the SDU with its own headers and appending footers as necessary. This process is called data encapsulation, because the entire contents of the higher-layer message are encapsulated as the data payload of the message at the lower layer.

http://www.infocellar.com/networks/osi-model.htm

Points about Network Layer View

Layers allow simplicity of networking in some ways
Easy to develop new software that fits each layer Relatively simple to change the software at any level

Matching layers communicate between different computers and computer platforms

Accomplished by standards that we all agree on e.g., Physical layer at the sending computer must match up with the same layer in the receiving computer

Somewhat inefficient
Involves many software packages and packets Packet overhead (slower transmission, processing time) Interoperability achieved at the expense of perfectly streamlined communication
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1.4 Network Standards

Importance
Provide a fixed way for hardware and/or software systems (different companies) to communicate Help promote competition and decrease the price

Types of Standards
Formal standards
Developed by an industry or government standardsmaking body De-facto standards Emerge in the marketplace and widely used Lack official backing by a standards-making body
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Standardization Processes
Specification
Developing the nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressed

Identification of choices
Identifying solutions to the problems and choose the optimum solution

Acceptance
Defining the solution, getting it recognized by industry so that a uniform solution is accepted
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Major Standards Bodies

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces Composed of each countrys national standards orgs. Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecom Group

Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data communications interfaces

Composed of representatives from each country in UN

Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)
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Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body) www.ansi.org

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)

Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards standards.ieee.org

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

Develops Internet standards

No official membership (anyone welcome)

www.ietf.org

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Some Data Comm. Standards

Layer
5. Application layer

Common Standards
HTTP, HTML (Web) MPEG, H.323 (audio/video) IMAP, POP (e-mail)
TCP (Internet) SPX (Novell LANs) IP (Internet) IPX (Novell LANs) Ethernet (LAN) Frame Relay (WAN) T1 (MAN and WAN) RS-232c cable (LAN) Category 5 twisted pair (LAN) V.92 (56 kbps modem)
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4. Transport layer
3. Network layer

2. Data link layer

1. Physical layer

1.5 Future Trends

Pervasive Networking

Integration of Voice, Video and Data

New Information Services

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Pervasive Networking
Means Networks will be everywhere

Exponential growth of Network use

Many new types of devices will have network capability

Exponential growth of data rates for all kinds of networking

Broadband communications
Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)

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Relative Capacities of Telephone, LAN, BN, WAN, and Internet Circuits.

Integration of Voice, Video & Data

Also called Convergence
Networks that were previously transmitted using separate networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near future

First step largely complete

Integration of voice and data

Next step
Video merging with voice and data

Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for video
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New Information Services

World Wide Web based
Many new types of information services becoming available Services that help ensure quality of information received over www

Application Service Providers (ASPs)

Develop specific systems for companies such as providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have one of its own

Information Utilities (Future of ASPs)

Providing a wide range of info services (email, web, payroll, etc.) (similar to electric or water utilities)

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1.6 Implications for Management

Embrace change and actively seek to use new aspects of networks toward improving your organization
Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytime Information accessed by customers and competitors globally

Use a set of industry standard technologies

Can easily mix and match equipment from different vendors Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologies Smaller cost by using a few well known standards

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Part-2: The Internet

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