PCI 6

th
Edition
Flexural Component Design
Presentation Outline
Whats new to ACI 318
Gravity Loads
Load Effects
Concrete Stress Distribution
Nominal Flexural Strength
Flexural Strength Reduction Factors
Shear Strength
Torsion
Serviceability Requirements
New to ACI 318 02
Load Combinations
Stress limits
Member Classification
Strength Reduction factor is a function of
reinforcement strain
Minimum shear reinforcement requirements
Torsion Design Method
Load Combinations
U = 1.4 (D + F)
U = 1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (L
r
or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6 (L
r
or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(L
r
or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
U= 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U= 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
Comparison of Load Combinations
U=1.2D + 1.6 L 2002
U= 1.4D + 1.7L 1999
If L=.75D




i.e. a 10% reduction in required strength

Ratio =
1.2D +1.6 .75D
( )
1.4D +1.7 .75D
( )
= 0.90
Classifications
No Bottom Tensile Stress Limits
Classify Members Strength Reduction
Factor
Tension-Controlled
Transition
Compression Controlled
Three Tensile Stress Classifications
Class U Un-cracked
Class T Transition
Class C Cracked

Copied from ACI 318 2002, ACI 318-02 table R18.3.3
Class C Members
Stress Analysis Based on Cracked Section
Properties
No Compression Stress limit
No Tension Stress limit
Increase awareness on serviceability
Crack Control
Displacements
Side Skin Reinforcement
0
50
100
150
200
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Concrete Strength, f'
c
, psi
Minimum Shear Reinforcing
1999
2002
A
v
f
y
b
w
s
System Loads
Gravity Load Systems
Beams
Columns
Floor Member Double Tees, Hollow Core
Spandrels
Tributary Area
Floor members, actual top area
Beams and spandrels
Load distribution
Load path
Floor members spandrels or beams Columns
Live Loads can be reduced based on:




Where:
K
LL
= 1
L
o
= Unreduced live load and
A
t
= tributary area

Live Load Reduction

L = L
o
0.25 +
15
K
LL
A
t
|
\

|
.
|
|
Live Load Reduction
Or the alternative floor reduction shall not
exceed

or



Where:
R = % reduction 40%
r = .08

R = r (A
t
150)

R = 23.1 1 +
D
L
o
|
\

|
.
|
Member Shear and Moment
Shear and moments on members can be
found using statics methods and beam tables
from Chapter 11
Strength Design
Strength design is based using the rectangular stress
block
The stress in the prestressing steel at nominal
strength, f
ps
, can be determined by strain
compatibility or by an approximate empirical equation
For elements with compression reinforcement, the
nominal strength can be calculated by assuming that
the compression reinforcement yields. Then verified.
The designer will normally choose a section and
reinforcement and then determine if it meets the
basic design strength requirement:

|M
n
> M
u
Concrete Stress Distribution
Parabolic distribution
Equivalent rectangular distribution
Stress Block Theory
Stress-Strain
relationship



is not constant


E
(f '
c
)

o = c E
(f '
c
)
f
c
=3,000 psi
f
c
=6,000 psi
Stress Block Theory
Stress-Strain relationship
Stress-strain can be modeled by:







f
c
=
2 f ''
c
(c c
o
)
1 + (c c
o
)
2
Where :strain at max. stress

c
o
=
1.71 f '
c
E
c
and :max stress
f ''
c
= .9 f '
c
Stress Block Theory
The Whitney stress block is a simplified
stress distribution that shares the same
centroid and total force as the real stress
distribution


=
Equivalent Stress Block |
1
Definition
|
1
= 0.85
when f
c
< 3,000 psi
|
1
= 0.65
when f
c
> 8,000 psi




a = |
1
c
|
1
= 1.05 05
f '
c
1, 000psi
Design Strength
Mild Reinforcement Non - Prestressed
Prestress Reinforcement
Strength Design Flowchart
Figure 4.2.1.2
page 4-9
Non-Prestressed
Path
Prestressed Path
Non-Prestressed Members
Find depth of compression block
Depth of Compression Block
Where:
A
s
is the area of tension steel
A
s
is the area of compression steel
f
y
is the mild steel yield strength

a =
A
s
f
y
A'
s
f '
y
.85 f '
c
b
Assumes
compression
steel yields
Flanged Sections
Checked to verify that the compression block is truly
rectangular

Compression Block Area
If compression block is rectangular, the flanged
section can be designed as a rectangular beam




A
comp
= a b
= =
Compression Block Area
If the compression block is not rectangular (a> h
f
),




=
To find a

A
f
= (b b
w
) h
f
A
w
= A
comp
A
f
a =
A
w
b
w
Determine Neutral Axis
From statics and strain compatibility

c = a / |
1
Check Compression Steel
Verify that compression steel has reached yield using
strain compatibility
3 ' c d >
Compression Comments
By strain compatibility, compression steel yields if:


If compression steel has not yielded, calculation for a
must be revised by substituting actual stress for yield
stress
Non prestressed members should always be tension
controlled, therefore c / d
t
< 0.375
Add compression reinforcement to create tesnion
controlled secions


c > 3 d'
Moment Capacity
2 equations
rectangular stress block in the flange section
rectangular stress block in flange and stem
section

Strength Design Flowchart
Figure 4.2.1.2
page 4-9
Non- Prestressed
Path
Prestressed Path
This portion of the
flowchart is dedicated to
determining the stress in
the prestress
reinforcement
Stress in Strand
f
se
- stress in the strand after losses
f
pu
- is the ultimate strength of the strand
f
ps
- stress in the strand at nominal strength

Stress in Strand
Typically the jacking force is 65% or
greater
The short term losses at midspan are
about 10% or less
The long term losses at midspan are
about 20% or less

f
se
> 0.5 f
pu
Stress in Strand
Nearly all prestressed concrete is bonded
Stress in Strand
Prestressed Bonded reinforcement

p
= factor for type of prestressing strand, see ACI 18.0
= .55 for f
py
/f
pu
not less than .80
= .45 for f
py
/f
pu
not less than .85
= .28 for f
py
/f
pu
not less than .90 (Low Relaxation Strand)

p
= prestressing reinforcement ratio

f
ps
= f
pu
1

p
|
1

p

f
pu
f '
c
+
d
d
p
e e'
( )

(
(
|
\

|
.
|
|
Determine Compression Block
Compression Block Height
Where
A
ps
- area of prestressing steel
f
ps
- prestressing steel strength


a =
A
ps
f
ps
+ A
s
f
y
A'
s
f '
y
.85 f '
c
b
Assumes compression
steel yields
Prestress component
Flange Sections Check

Compression Steel Check
Verify that compression steel has reached yield using
strain compatibility
3 ' c d >
Moment Capacity
2 Equations
rectangular stress block in flange section
rectangular stress block in flange and stem
section

Flexural Strength Reduction Factor
Based on primary reinforcement strain
Strain is an indication of failure
mechanism
Three Regions
Member Classification
On figure 4.2.1.2
Compression Controlled
c < 0.002 at extreme
steel tension fiber or
c/d
t
> 0.600

| = 0.70 with spiral ties
| = 0.65 with stirrups

Tension Controlled
c > 0.005 at extreme
steel tension fiber, or
c/d
t
< 0.375


| = 0.90 with spiral ties
or stirrups


Transition Zone
0.002 < c < 0.005 at extreme
steel tension fiber, or
0.375 < c/d
t
< 0.6


| = 0.57 + 67(c) or
| = 0.48 + 83(c) with spiral
ties

| = 0.37 + 0.20/(c/d
t
) or
| = 0.23 + 0.25/(c/d
t
) with
stirrups

Strand Slip Regions
ACI Section 9.3.2.7
where the strand embedment length is
less than the development length

| =0.75
Limits of Reinforcement
To prevent failure immediately upon cracking,
Minimum A
s
is determined by:



A
s,min
is allowed to be waived if tensile
reinforcement is 1/3 greater than required by
analysis

A
s,min
=
3 f '
c
f
y
b
w
d >
200 b
w
d
f
y
Limits of Reinforcement
The flexural member must also have adequate
reinforcement to resist the cracking moment
Where

|M
n
> 1.2M
cr

M
cr
= S
bc

P
A
+
Pe
S
b
+ f
r

(
(
M
nc
S
bc
S
b
1

(
(
Section after composite
has been applied,
including prestress
forces
Correction for
initial stresses on
non-composite,
prior to topping
placement
Critical Sections

Horizontal Shear
ACI requires that the interface between
the composite and non-composite, be
intentionally roughened, clean and free of
laitance
Experience and tests have shown that
normal methods used for finishing precast
components qualifies as intentionally
roughened
Horizontal Shear, F
h
Positive Moment Region
Based on the force transferred in topping (page 4-53)
Horizontal Shear, F
h
Negative Moment Region
Based on the force transferred in topping (page 4-53)
Unreinforced Horizontal Shear

F
h
= | 80 b
v
l
vh

Where
| 0.75
b
v
width of shear area
l
vh
- length of the member subject to shear, 1/2 the
span for simply supported members



Reinforced Horizontal Shear

Where
| 0.75

v
- shear reinforcement ratio
A
cs
- Area of shear reinforcement

e
- Effective shear friction coefficient


F
h
= | (260 + 0.6
v
f
y
) b
v
l
vh
A
cs
=
F
h
|
e
f
y
Shear Friction Coefficient

e
=
1000 A
cr

V
u

F
h
Shear Resistance by Non-Prestressed Concrete
Shear strength for
non-prestressed
sections

V
c
= 2 f '
c
b
w
d
Prestress Concrete Shear Capacity
Where:



ACI Eq 11-9
Effective prestress must be 0.4f
pu
Accounts for shear combined with moment
May be used unless more detail is required

V
c
= 0.6 f '
c
+ 700
V
u
d
M
u
|
\

|
.
|
b
w
d

V
u
d
M
u
s 1
Prestress Concrete Shear Capacity
Concrete shear strength is minimum is



Maximum allowed shear resistance from
concrete is:




V
c
= 2 f '
c
b
w
d

V
c
= 5 f '
c
b
w
d
Shear Capacity, Prestressed
Resistance by concrete when diagonal cracking is a
result of combined shear and moment

V
ci
= 0.6 f '
c
b
w
d + V
d
+
V
i
M
cr
M
max
Where:
V
i
and M
max
- factored
externally applied loads
e.g. no self weight
V
d
- is un-factored dead
load shear
Shear Capacity, Prestressed
Resistance by concrete when diagonal cracking is a
result of principal tensile stress in the web is in excess of
cracking stress.

V
cw
= 3.5 f '
c
+ 0.3 f
pc
( )
b
w
d + V
p
Where:
V
p
= the vertical
component of effective
prestress force (harped
or draped strand only)
V
cmax

Shear capacity is the minimum of V
c
, or if a
detailed analysis is used the minimum of V
ci

or V
cw
Shear Steel
If:


Then:

V
u
> |V
c

v
s
= V
n
V
c
or v
s
=
V
u
|
V
c
Shear Steel Minimum Requirements
Non-prestressed members


Prestressed members
A
v
= 0.75 f '
c

b
w
s
f
y
> 50 b
w
s
f
y

A
v
=
A
ps
f
pu
s
80 f
y
d

d
b
w
Remember
both legs of a stirrup count for A
v

Torsion
Current ACI
Based on compact sections
Greater degree of fixity than PC can provide
Provision for alternate solution
Zia, Paul and Hsu, T.C., Design for Torsion and
Shear in Prestressed Concrete, Preprint 3424,
American Society of Civil Engineers, October,
1978. Reprinted in revised form in PCI JOURNAL,
V. 49, No. 3, May-June 2004.
Torsion
For members loaded two sides, such as inverted
tee beams, find the worst case condition with
full load on one side, and dead load on the
other
1.0D
1.2D+1.6L
Torsion
In order to neglect Torsion




Where:
T
u(min)
minimum torsional strength provided
by concrete

T
u
s T
u(min)
Minimum Torsional Strength


Where:
x and y - are short and long
side, respectively of a
component rectangle
is the prestress factor

T
u(min)
= | 0.5 f '
c
x
2
y

|
\

|
.
|

Prestress Factor,
For Prestressed Members



Where:
f
pc
level of prestress after losses

= 1 +10
f
pc
f`
c
Maximum Torsional Strength
Avoid compression failures due to over
reinforcing





Where:

T
n(max)
=
1
3
K
t
f`
c
x
2
y

1 +
K
t
V
t
30 C
t
T
u
|
\

|
.
|
2
T
n(max)
>
T
u
|


K
t
= 12 10
f
pc
f`
c
|
\

|
.
|
|
C
t
=
b
w
d
x
2
y

Maximum Shear Strength

Avoid compression failures due to over
reinforcing

V
n(max)
=
10 f`
c
b
w
d
1 +
30 C
t
T
u
K
t
V
t
|
\

|
.
|
2
V
n(max)
>
V
u
|
Torsion/Shear Relationship
Determine the torsion carried by the concrete



Where:
T
c
and V
c
- concrete resistance under pure
torsion and shear respectively
T
c
and V
c
- portions of the concrete resistance
of torsion and shear

T
c
=
T '
c
1 +
T '
c
T
u
V'
c
V
u
|
\

|
.
|
2
Torsion/Shear Relationship
Determine the shear carried by the concrete

V
c
=
V'
c
1 +
V'
c
V
u
T '
c
T
u
|
\

|
.
|
2
Torsion Steel Design
Provide stirrups for torsion
moment - in addition to
shear






Where
x and y - short and long
dimensions of the closed
stirrup

A
t
=
T
u
|
T
c
|
\

|
.
|
s
o
t
x
1
y
1
f
y
o
t
= 0.66 + 0.33 y
1
x
1
< 1.5
Torsion Steel Design
Minimum area of closed stirrups is
limited by

A
v
+ 2A
t
( )
min
= 50
b
w
s
f
y
( )
2
s 200
b
w
s
f
y
Longitudinal Torsion Steel
Provide longitudinal steel for
torsion based on equation



or





Whichever greater

A
l
=
2 A
t
(x
1
+ y
1
)
s

A
l
=
400 x
f
y

T
u
T
u
+
V
u
3 C
t
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
|

2 A
t
s

(
(
(
(
(
x
1
+ y
1
( )
Longitudinal Steel limits

A
l
=
400 x
f
y

T
u
T
u
+
V
u
3 C
t
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
|

2 A
t
s

(
(
(
(
(
x
1
+ y
1
( )
The factor in

the second equation need not exceed


2 At
s

50 b
w
f
y
1 +
12 f
pc
f`
c
|
\

|
.
|
|
s
50 b
w
f
y
Detailing Requirements, Stirrups
135 degree hooks are required unless sufficient
cover is supplied
The 135 degree stirrup hooks are to be anchored
around a longitudinal bar
Torsion steel is in addition to shear steel
Detailing Requirements, Longitudinal Steel
Placement of the bars should be around the
perimeter
Spacing should spaced at no more than 12 inches
Longitudinal torsion steel must be in addition to
required flexural steel (note at ends flexural demand
reduces)
Prestressing strand is permitted (@ 60ksi)
The critical section is at the end of simply supported
members, therefore U-bars may be required to meet
bar development requirements
Serviceability Requirements
Three classifications for prestressed
components
Class U: Uncracked
Class T: Transition
Class C: Cracked


o
t
s 7.5 f '
c
7.5 f '
c
s o
t
s 12 f '
c
o
t
> 12 f '
c
Stress
Uncracked Section
Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)
Easiest computation
Use traditional mechanics
of materials methods to
determine stresses, gross
section and deflection.
No crack control or side
skin reinforcement
requirements
Transition Section
Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)
Use traditional mechanics
of materials methods to
determine stresses only.
Use bilinear cracked
section to determine
deflection
No crack control or side
skin reinforcement
requirements
Cracked Section
Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)
Iterative process
Use bilinear cracked
section to determine
deflection and to
determine member
stresses
Must use crack control
steel per ACI 10.6.4
modified by ACI 18.4.4.1
and ACI 10.6.7
Cracked Section Stress Calculation
Class C member require stress to be
check using a Cracked Transformed
Section
The reinforcement spacing
requirements must be adhered to
Cracked Transformed
Section Property Calculation Steps
Step 1 Determine if section is cracked
Step 2 Estimate Decompression Force in Strand
Step 3 Estimate Decompression Force in mild
reinforcement (if any)
Step 4 Create an equivalent force in topping if present
Step 5 Calculate transformed section of all elements
and modular ratios
Step 6 Iterate the location of the neutral axis until the
normal stress at this level is zero
Step 7 Check Results with a a moment and force
equilibrium set of equations
Steel Stress
f
dc
decompression stress
stress in the strand when the
surrounding concrete stress is zero
Conservative to use, f
se
(stress after
losses) when no additional mild steel is
present.

Simple Example
Page 4-31
Deflection Calculation
Bilinear Cracked Section
Deflection before the
member has cracked is
calculated using the
gross (uncracked)
moment of inertia, I
g

Additional deflection
after cracking is
calculated using the
moment of inertia of the
cracked section I
cr
Effective Moment of Inertia
Alternative method

I
e
=
M
cr
M
a
|
\

|
.
|
3
I
g
+ 1
M
cr
M
a
|
\

|
.
|
3
I
cr
or based on stress
M
cr
M
a
= 1
f
tl
f
r
f
l
|
\

|
.
|
Where:
f
tl
= final stress
f
l
= stress due to live load
f
r
= modulus of rupture
Prestress Losses
Prestressing losses
Sources of total prestress loss (TL)
TL = ES + CR + SH + RE
Elastic Shortening (SH)
Creep (CR)
Shrinkage (SH)
Relaxation of tendons (RE)
Elastic Shortening
Caused by the prestressed force in the precast member





Where:
K
es
= 1.0 for pre-tensioned members
E
ps
= modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons (about
28,500 ksi)
E
ci
= modulus of elasticity of concrete at time prestress is
applied
f
cir
= net compressive stress in concrete at center of gravity of
prestressing force immediately after the prestress has been
applied to the concrete

ES = K
es
E
ps
f
cir
E
ci
f
cir

Where:
P
i
= initial prestress force (after anchorage seating loss)
e = eccentricity of center of gravity of tendons with respect to
center of gravity of concrete at the cross section
considered
M
g
= bending moment due to dead weight of prestressed
member and any other permanent loads in place at time of
prestressing
K
cir
= 0.9 for pretensioned members

f
cir
= K
cir

P
i
A
g
+
P
i
e
2
I
g
|
\

|
.
|
|

M
g
e
I
g
Creep
Creep (CR)
Caused by stress in the concrete


Where:
K
cr
= 2.0 normal weight concrete
= 1.6 sand-lightweight concrete
f
cds
= stress in concrete at center of gravity of
prestressing force due to all uperimposed
permanent dead loads that are applied to
the member after it has been prestressed

CR = K
cr
E
ps
E
ci
( )
f
cir
f
cds
( )
f
cds
Where:
M
sd
= moment due to all superimposed permanent
dead and sustained loads applied after prestressing


f
cds
=
M
sd
e
I
g
Shrinkage
Volume change determined by section and
environment


Where:
K
sh
= 1.0 for pretensioned members
V/S = volume-to-surface ratio
R.H. = average ambient relative humidity
from map

SH = 8.2 10
6
( )
K
sh
E
ps
1 0.06 V S
( )
100 R.H.
( )
Relative Humidity
Page 3-114 Figure 3.10.12
Relaxation
Relaxation of prestressing tendons is based on the
strand properties



Where:
K
re
and J - Tabulated in the PCI handbook
C - Tabulated or by empirical equations in the PCI
handbook


RE = K
re
J SH+ CR + ES
( )

C
Relaxation Table
Values for K
re
and J
for given strand
Table 4.7.3.1
page 4-85


Relaxation Table Values for C
f
pi
= initial stress in
prestress strand
f
pu
= ultimate stress
for prestress strand
Table 4.7.3.2
(Page 4-86)

Prestress Transfer Length
Transfer length
Length when the stress
in the strand is applied
to the concrete
Transfer length is not
used to calculate
capacity
( )
t se b
l f 3 d =

l
t
= f
se
3
( )
d
b
Prestress Development Length
Development length -
length required to
develop ultimate strand
capacity
Development length is
not used to calculate
stresses in the member



l
d
= l
t
+ f
ps
f
se
( )
l
d
= f
se
3
( )
d
b
+ f
ps
f
se
( )
Beam Ledge Geometry
Beam Ledge Design
For Concentrated loads where s > b
t
+ h
l
, find
the lesser of:

|V
n
= 3 | f '
c
h
l
2 b
l
b
( )
+ b
t
+ h
l

|V
n
= | f '
c
h
l
2 b
l
b
( )
+ b
t
+ h
l
+ 2 d
e

Beam Ledge Design

For Concentrated loads where s < b
t
+ h
l
, find
the lesser of:

|V
n
= 1.5 | f '
c
h
l
2 b
l
b
( )
+ b
t
+ h
l
+ s

|V
n
= | f '
c
h
l
b
l
b
( )
+
b
t
+ h
l
2
|
\

|
.
|
+ d
e
+ s

(
(
Beam Ledge Reinforcement
For continuous loads or closely spaced concentrated
loads:



Ledge reinforcement should be provided by 3 checks
A
s
, cantilevered bending of ledge
A
l
, longitudinal bending of ledge
A
sh
, shear of ledge

|V
n
= 24 | h
l
f '
c
Beam Ledge Reinforcement
Transverse (cantilever) bending reinforcement, A
s
Uniformly spaced over width of 6h
l
on either side of the
bearing
Not to exceed half the
distance to the next load
Bar spacing should not
exceed the ledge depth,
h
l
, or 18 in

A
s
=
1
f
y
V
u

a
d
|
\

|
.
|
+ N
u

h
l
d
|
\

|
.
|

(
(

0.2 =
N
u
V
dl
Longitudinal Ledge Reinforcement
Placed in both the top and bottom of the ledge
portion of the beam:


Where:
d
l
- is the depth of steel


U-bars or hooked bars may
be required to develop
reinforcement at the end
of the ledge

A
l
=
200 b
l
b
( )
d
l
f
y
Hanger Reinforcement
Required for attachment of the ledge to the web





Distribution and spacing
of A
sh
reinforcement
should follow the same
guidelines as for A
s



A
sh
=
V
u
| f
y
m
( )
Hanger (Shear) Ledge Reinforcement
Ash is not additive to shear and torsion
reinforcement
m is a modification factor which can be
derived, and is dependent on beam section
geometry. PCI 6th edition has design aids
on table 4.5.4.1
Dap Design
(1) Flexure (cantilever bending) and axial tension in the
extended end. Provide flexural reinforcement, A
f
, plus
axial tension reinforcement, A
n
.
Dap Design
(2) Direct shear at the junction of the dap and the main body
of the member. Provide shear friction steel, composed of
A
vf
+ A
h
, plus axial tension reinforcement, A
n
Dap Design
(3) Diagonal tension emanating from the re-entrant
corner. Provide shear reinforcement, A
sh
Dap Design
(4) Diagonal tension in the extended end. Provide shear
reinforcement composed of A
h
and A
v
Dap Design
(5) Diagonal tension in the undapped portion. This is
resisted by providing a full development length for A
s

beyond the potential crack.
Dap Reinforcement
5 Main Areas of Steel
Tension - A
s

Shear steel - A
h




Diagonal cracking A
sh,
A
sh

Dap Shear Steel - A
v
Tension Steel A
s

The horizontal reinforcement is determined in
a manner similar to that for column corbels:






A
s
= A
f
+ A
n
=
1
|f
y
V
u

a
d
|
\

|
.
|
+ N
u

h
l
d
|
\

|
.
|

(
(
and 0.2 =
N
u
V
dl
Shear Steel A
h

The potential vertical crack (2) is resisted by a
combination of A
s
and A
h


A
h
=
2 V
u
3 | f
y

e
+ A
n
Shear Steel A
h

Note the development l
d
of A
h
beyond the
assumed crack plane. A
h
is usually a U-bar
such that the bar is developed in the dap
Diagonal Cracking Steel A
sh

The reinforcement required to resist diagonal
tension cracking starting from the re-entrant
corner (3) can be calculated from:







A
sh
=
V
u
| f
y
and | = .75
Dap Shear Steel A
v

Additional reinforcement for Crack (4) is
required in the extended end, such that:






|V
n
= | A
v
f
y
+ A
h
f
y
+ 2 b d f '
c
( )
Dap Shear Steel A
v

At least one-half of the reinforcement
required in this area should be placed
vertically. Thus:



A
v
=
1
2 f
y

V
u
|
2 b d f '
c
|
\

|
.
|
Dap Limitations and Considerations
Design Condition as a dap if any of the
following apply
The depth of the recess exceeds 0.2H or 8 in.
The width of the recess (l
p
) exceeds 12 in.
For members less than 8 in. wide, less than one-
half of the main flexural reinforcement extends to
the end of the member above the dap
For members 8 in. or more wide, less than one-
third of the main flexural reinforcement extends to
the end of the member above the dap
Questions?