GROUP 1 PREPARED BY:

AFRAH IZZATI BT ABDULLAH NUR FARDHUNISHA BT AKBAR NURIZYAN SYAMIN BT HAJI ARIFFIN NUR IZZATI BT WAN OTHMAN
EXAMPLE OF EQUILIBRIA AND AWARENESS OF IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

EXAMPLE 1: THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

Ammonium chloride + heat ammonia + hydrogen chloride
NH4Cl(s) NH3(g)+ HCl(g)

-Thermal decomposition means using 'heat' to'break down' a molecule into smaller ones. -The decomposition of NH4Cl is endothermic, H +ve (heat absorbed, taken in from the surroundings) and the formation of NH4Cl is exothermic, H -ve (heat released, given out to the surroundings

blue hydrated copper(II) sulphate + heat white anhydrous copper(II) sulphate + water CuSO4.5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)
Note: The crystal structure is broken down on heating and the water of crystallisation is given off. Thermal decomposition is endothermic (H +ve) as heat is absorbed to drive off the water. The reverse reaction is exothermic (H +ve) i.e. on adding water to cold white anhydrous copper(II) sulphate the mixture heats up as the blue crystals reform

THE FORMATION/DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN IODIDE

hydrogen + iodine hydrogen iodide

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

L to R forward reaction: If you start with pure hydrogen and pure iodine, so much of them combines to form hydrogen iodide.

R to L backward reaction: If you start with pure hydrogen iodide, some, but not all of it, will decompose into hydrogen and iodine

THE FORMATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF THE ESTER ETHYL ETHANOATE

ethanoic acid + ethanol ethyl ethanoate +

water (hydrolysis <==> esterification) CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) CH3COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O(l)

FORMATION/DECOMPOSITI ON OF AMMONIA.
nitrogen + ammonia ammonia (Haber synthesis)

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

The LeChtelier principle tells us that in order to maximize the amount of product in the reaction mixture, it should be carried out at high pressure and low temperature. However, the lower the temperature, the slower the reaction (this is true of virtually all chemical reactions.) As long as the choice had to be made between a low yield of ammonia quickly or a high yield over a long period of time, this reaction was infeasible economically

OXYGEN TRANSPORT BY THE BLOOD

hemoglobin + O2 oxyhemoglobin The partial pressure of O2 in the air is 0.2 atm, sufficient to allow these molecules to be taken up by hemoglobin (the red pigment of blood) in which it becomes loosely bound in a complex known as oxyhemoglobin. At the ends of the capillaries which deliver the blood to the tissues, the O2 concentration is reduced by about 50% owing to its consumption by the cells. This shifts the equilibrium to the left, releasing the oxygen so it can diffuse into the cells.

THE CONTACT PROCESS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

INVOLVE 3 STAGES: 1.Liquid sulphur is sprayed into furnece produced sulphur dioxide S(l) + O2(g) SO2
2.The reactor the sulphur dioxide is oxidised in the reversible exothermic reaction 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

3.(a)The sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form fuming sulphuric acid (oleum). SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) ==> H2S2O7(l) (3) (b)Water is then carefully added to the oleum to produce concentrated sulphuric acid (98% H2SO4). H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) ==> 2H2SO4(l) .