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Week 4 19/03/2008
Motivation
The force which drives behaviour (pp.48)
DIRECTION - i.e. what a person is trying to do EFFORT - how hard a person is trying PERSISTENCE - i.e. how long a person continues trying
Theories of motivation
Content theories (pp.49)
Two-factor theory (
Hersberg): intrinsic and extrinsic Types of needs: classification of needs: deficiency versus growth Hierarchy of needs (e.g. Maslow): ordering of need by relative priority
Process theories
Expectancy theory (Vroom; Porter &
the likely result of their behaviour Goal theory ( Locke) Equity theory ( Adams)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, warmth, sleep, etc. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. 3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. 4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
power are acquired over time, as a result of experiences. Managers should learn to identify these needs and then create work environments that are responsive to them.
efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks. High need for achievement people: Prefer individual responsibilities. Prefer challenging goals. Prefer performance feedback.
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Developed by Frederick Herzberg. Also known as Two Factor theory. Portrays two different factors hygiene factors
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people to be satisfied. Absence of motivator factors in the job results in low satisfaction, low motivation, and low performance.
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Neglect the impact of the social context on peoples interpretation of their needs.
People do not necessarily strive to move up the hierarchy - at least, not through their work. How to define needs?
Process Theories
1. Vrooms Expectancy Theory (1964) pp.51
Motivation ( M)=Expectation (E) x Valence Where: Expectancy - If I tried would I be able to perform the action? Valence - How much do I value those outcomes?
SLIDE 9.19
Individual v. group
Competing personal goals Goals set Vs dynamic environment
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2. 3. 4. 5.
Skill Variety
Task Identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback