Amali 1

Pengenalan Anatomi

Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia PJM3106 (PJ ELEKTIF)

Anatomy
Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope) Microscopic anatomy:
Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells Histology: examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function.
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Anatomical Position
Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body

Anterior Landmarks

Posterior Landmarks

Anatomical Locations
Abdominal: abdominal region Acromial: the point of the shoulder Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow Axillary: armpit Brachial: upper arm Buccal: cheek of the face Calcaneal: heel of the foot Carpal: wrist Cephalic: head

Anatomical Locations
Cervical: neck Deltoid: round part of the shoulder Digital: fingers and toes Dorsum: back Femoral: thigh Frontal: forehead Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe Inguinal: groin Lumbar: lower back Mammary: breast

Anatomical Locations
Mental: chin Nasal: Nose Occipital: base of the skull Olecranal: elbow Oral: mouth Orbital: bony eye socket Otic: ear Palmar: palm of hand Patellar: Kneecap Pedal: Foot

Anatomical Locations
Pelvic: pelvis region Perineal: area between anus and external genitals Plantar: sole of foot Pollex: thumb Popliteal: behind the knee Pubic: genital region Sacral: lower back between the hips Scapular: shoulder blade Tarsal: ankle Thoracic: chest

Body Orientation and Direction

These are relative positions Proximal/distal
Used to describe locations on the arms and legs GI tract

Medial/lateral
Medial is closer to the midline Farther away from the midline

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Body Orientation and Direction

Dorsal: Back Ventral: Front Superior or Cephalad is toward the head Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet Anterior: most forward Posterior: toward the backside
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Planes of the Body

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Dorsal Body Cavity

Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system Contains Brain and Spinal Cord

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Cavities
Thoracic Cavity Heart & Lungs Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities Lower border is the diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Stomach, Liver, Intestines Pelvic Cavity Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum

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Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes have two layers
1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls 1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae
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Serous Membranes

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Serous Membranes of the Heart

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Quadrants
RUQ
Liver

LUQ
Spleen

RLQ
Appendix

LLQ
Sigmoid colon
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Abdominopelvic Regions

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Lab Activity 2
Organ Systems Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10

Integumentary System
Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands Function:
Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Involved in vitamin D synthesis Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry Site of pain and pressure receptors
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Skeletal System
Structure: 206 bones of the human body Function:
Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) Mineral storage
Bone contains 99% of the bodys store of calcium
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Muscular System
Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body Function:
Locomotion Manipulation of the environment Maintaining posture Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

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Nervous System
Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Function:
Fast-acting control system of the body Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity Information Assessment
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Endocrine System
Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands
Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart

Functions:
Long-term control system of the body Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.
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Cardiovascular System
Structures:
Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Functions:
The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.
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Lymphatic/Immune System
Structures:
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow

Functions:
Returning leaked fluid back to the bloodstream Disposal of debris Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms) Absorption of fat from the digestive tract
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Respiratory System
Structures:
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functions:
Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2 Regulate blood pH

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Digestive System
Structures:
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Functions:
Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the bodys cells
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Urinary System
Structures:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions:
Removal of nitrogenous wastes Regulation of bodys levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity
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Reproductive System
Structures:
Male:
Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis

Female:
Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands

Functions:
Making Babies
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Lab Activity 3

The Microscope

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Care of the Microscope

1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base 2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES. 3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowestpower objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary.
Use fine focus only for adjustment

4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens 34 5. Always use a coverslip with temporary

Putting Microscope Away

1. Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place 2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position 3. Move stage to the lowest position 4. Turn down light brightness 5. Turn off power 6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed 7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base 8. Lock the cabinet 35

The End

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