9 Consolidation Test

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
CE 3121: Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory

Class 7

Consolidation Test on Cohesive Soil
Sources:

Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual, B.M. DAS (Chapter 17)
Organization of the Lab Tests
Physical
(Soil Characteristics)
Mechanical
Moisture
Content
Unit Weight
Compressibility Permeability
Specific
Gravity
Gradation
Atterberg
Limits
Strength
(Shear)
Geotechnical engineering
Structural engineering
Pavement engineering
Environmental engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Structural engineering
Pavement engineering
Soil Properties
(Soil Classification)
2
Consolidation
Definitions & Introduction
Significance
Consolidation vs Compaction
Type of Consolidations
One-Dimensional Consolidation Test
Definition
Procedure
Graphs and results
Class Outlines
Consolidation - Definition
Consolidation refers to the compression or
settlement that soils undergo as a response of
placing loads onto the ground
These loads produce corresponding increases
in the vertical effective stress, o
v

Consolidation is a time-dependent process, in
some soils it may take long time (100 years ?)
to achieve complete settlement
Significance
The amount of soil volume change that will occur is
often one of the governing design criteria of a
project
If the settlement is not kept to tolerable limit, the
desire use of the structure may be impaired and
the design life of the structure may be reduced
It is therefore important to have a mean of
predicting the amount of soil compression or
consolidation
It is also important to know the rate of consolidation
as well as the total consolidation to be expected
Consolidation - Case Study
Palacio de las Bellas, Artes, Mexico City
Total settlement = 9ft
The Leaning Tower of Pisa
Consolidation - Introduction
The compression is caused by:
Deformation of soil particles
Relocations of soil particles
Expulsion of water or air from void spaces
Most of the settlement of a structure on clay is
mainly due to volumetric changes and rarely
due to shear strain.

Consolidation vs. Compaction
Consolidation (cont.)
During consolidation, pore water or the water in the
voids of saturated clay gets squeezed out reducing
the volume of the clay hence causing settlement
called as consolidation settlement
The spring
analogy to
consolidation.
Voids
Voids
Solids
H
V
v
=eV
s

V
s
o
c

A e
V
v
=(e - A e)V
s

V
s
Solids
Ao
z

Ao
z

o
z0

o
z0

o
z0

o
z0

}o
z f

}o
z f

Before
After
Consolidation (cont.)
Types of Consolidation
There are three types of consolidation:
Immediate consolidation; caused by elastic
deformation of dry soil or moist and saturated
soil without change in moisture content
Primary consolidation; caused as a result of
volume change in saturated cohesive soils
due to exclusion of water occupied the void
spaces
Secondary consolidation; occurs in saturated
cohesive soils as a result of the plastic
adjustment of soil fabrics
Types of Consolidation (cont.)
Clayey soils undergo consolidation settlement not
only under the action of external loads (surcharge
loads) but also under its own weight or weight of soils
that exist above the clay (geostatic loads).
Clayey soils also undergo settlement when
dewatered (e.g., ground water pumping) because
the effective stress on the clay increases
Coarse-grained soils DO NOT undergo consolidation
settlement due to relatively high hydraulic
conductivity compared to clayey soils. Instead,
coarse-grained soils undergo IMMEDIATE
settlement.
1- D Consolidation Test
The main purpose of consolidation tests is to obtain
soil data which is used in predicting the rate and
amount of settlement of structures founded on clay.
The four most important soil properties determined by
a consolidation test are:
The pre-consolidation stress, o
p
, This is the maximum
stress that the soil has felt in the past.
The compression index, C
c
, which indicates the
compressibility of a normally-consolidated soil.
The recompression index, C
r
compressibility of an over-consolidated soil.
The coefficient of consolidation, c
v
rate of compression under a load increment.
Test Results
B
o
p
C
r
C
c
Recompression
Index
Compression
Index
Pre-Consolidation
Stress
Consolidation Test
Two types of consolidometers (oedometers)
commonly used:
Floating-ring
Fixed ring
This lab uses the fixed-ring consolidometer
ASTM D 2435
Laboratory Consolidation Test
Consolidation Test
Laboratory Consolidation Test
o
v

o
v
Solids
Voids
Solids
Voids
V
s
V
v

V
v
V
s
1 Place sample in ring
2 Apply load
3 Measure height change
4 Repeat for new load

A V
Confining
stress
Before After
Procedure
Measure the inner diameter and height of the
consolidation cutter/ring and record its mass
Prepare a soil specimen for the test by trimming and
placing the soil in the ring
Determine the mass of ring + soil
Collect some excess soil for moisture content
Assume Gs = 2.7
Saturate the lower (larger) porous stone on the base of
the consolidometer
Place the specimen and ring and place the upper
stone/disk Follow the rest in your lab manual
Place 1.5 kg (1
st
day), 3kg (2
nd
day), 6kg (3
rd
day), 12kg
(4
th
day)
http://www.uic.edu/classes/cemm/cemmlab/Experiment%2011-Consolidation.pdf#search='consolidation%20test'
Calculations and Graphs - o
v
vs w(time)
Plot of Vertical Displacement vs. Time
(P = 1000 psf)
0.42
0.4205
0.421
0.4215
0.422
0.4225
0.423
0.4235
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Time (min
0.5
)
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
i
n
)
o
v
vs wtime

Graph

Find t
90
Plot of Vertical Displacement vs. Time
(P = 1000 psf)
0.42
0.4205
0.421
0.4215
0.422
0.4225
0.423
0.4235
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Time (min
0.5
)
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
i
n
)
t
90
= 2.5 min
0.5
1
2 3
4
5
t
90
d
0
B
D
C
CD = 1.15 BC
A
Calculation and Graph o
v
vs log(time)
Logarithm of time curve fitting
0.42
0.4205
0.421
0.4215
0.422
0.4225
0.423
0.4235
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (min) - log Scale
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
i
n
)
o
v
vs log(time) Graph Find t
50
Logarithm of time curve fitting
0.42
0.4205
0.421
0.4215
0.422
0.4225
0.423
0.4235
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (min) - log Scale
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
i
n
)
d
100
= 0.42065
t
1
t
2
=4t
1
1
2
A
3
5
4
X
6
X
7
d
0
= 0.42305
8
d
50
=0.5(d
0
+d
100
)=0.42185
d
50
9
d
0
d
100
t
50
= 10.2 min
10
Calculation
Determine the height of
solids (H
s
) of the
specimen in the mold
Determine the change
in height (AH)
Determine the final
specimen height, H
t(f)
Determine the height of
voids (H
v
)
Determine the final void
ratio
w s
s
s
G D
W
H
t
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
4
s f t v
H H H =
) (
s
v
H
H
e =
Calculation (cont.)
Calculate the coefficient
of consolidation (c
v
)
from t
90
Calculate the coefficient
of consolidation (c
v
)
from t
50
Plot e-log p curve and
find:
o
c
, C
c
, C
r
Plot c
v
log p curves

2
90
H
t c
T
v
v
=
2
50
H
t c
T
v
v
=
Calculation Sample (Ex. pp.121)
Eq 17.2
1(in) - H
s
H
v
= H
i
- H
s
H
i
e = H
v
/ H
s
(1.0 + 0.9917) / 2 (0.848 x 0.9959
2
)/(4 x 302)
t
90
Plot e vs log p
o
c
R
min
C
c
C
r
In Your Report
Plot all curves find t
90
and t
50
(10 plots)
Show your calculations in a table and find
e, c
v (t90)
, c
v (t50)
Plot e vs. log (p) and determine:
P
c
C
c
C
r
Plot c
v
vs. log (p) (2 plots)

9 Consolidation Test

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CE 3121: Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory

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