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ENDOSKELETON
HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
ENDOSKELETON Inner Frame Refers to bones or cartilage that is inside the body of vertebrates.
EXOSKELETON Outer Frame Consists of one layer of hard skin derived from substances like calcium carbonate
HYDROSTATTIC SKELETON Formed from fluid pressure in space that is enveloped by a muscular system.
Allow movement
ANIMALS
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Land
Aquatic
Exoskeleton
Hydrostatic Skeletal
Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton. Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that of the aquatic animal vertebrate system.
Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles to support their body weight
Four-legged animals : Backbone either curve upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to withstand any heavy load acting on the animal.
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Birds : Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is lighter. Advantages of hollow bones :
Lighter Requires less calcium and phosphorous for its formation.
Examples : Whales, dolphins Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than land vertebrates. Pectoral and pelvic support that is smaller and lighter.
Most of body weight is supported by buoyancy of the water.
The buoyancy of the water allows the size of the aquatic vertebrate animals to be bigger that land vertebrate animals.
ENDOSKELETON
SIMILARITIES
PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE VERTEBRATE BONES ARE FLEXIBLE
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
Big
Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Its body is supported by : External skeletal system (exoskeleton) Body fluids (hydrostatic skeletons)
Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or shell. Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin : Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions. Examples of invertebrates with hard shell : Snails, mussels
For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle. Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water) Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.
Leeches, worms and octopus do not have exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft. Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic skeleton system) as support system.
The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.
EXOSKELETON
SIMILARITIES
BODY FLUID
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
SKELETON
PLANTS
Land
Aquatic
Woody
Non-woody (herbaceous)
Examples: rubber tree, durian tree, rambutan tree, and teak tree. Supported by woody tissues. Woody tissues dense, hard on tree trunk. - made up of xylem tissues. Most of the woody plants are tall.
Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees, and yellow flame trees. Occurs at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the soil.
Examples : money plant, certain wild orchid. Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support.
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
Big
Examples: yam, water lily and lotus. Supported by water buoyancy. Have soft stems that have air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface. Aquatic plants that live in the water have fine leaves.