WDM using Raman Amplification

for optical Fiber Networks

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

X 422.21

CHIRAG WARTY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES,

UCLA EXTENSION , CA 90024
 Presentation Overview
2

 Introduction to Optical Amplifiers

Semiconductor optical Amplifier (SOA)

Doped fiber amplifier (DFA)

Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)

 Raman Fiber Amplifiers

 Sub- Marine optical fiber Communication

 Optimum Use of Present Long Haul Infrastructure

 Motivation

University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009

 Introduction
3

OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
TYPES OF AMPLIFIERS
CHARACTERISTICS

University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009

 Optical Amplifiers
4
 Types of Optical Amplifier
 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Transmitter
(SOA)
Power Amplifier
 Doped Fiber Amplifier (DFA)
 Raman Amplifier
 Modes of application
 In Line Amplifier
 Preamplifier
 Power Amplifier In line amplifier

 Functions of the Optical

Amplifier Preamplifier

Receiver

University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009

 Optical Amplification
5

Stimulated Emission Pumping Mechanism

Transition State Signal

Signal

Coupler
Pump

Ground State
University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009
 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)
 Small Size and Electrically Advantages
pumped  Consume Less Electrical power
 Semiconductor cavity is used  Fewer Components, Compact
 Cheaper than DFA and RFA
 Loss of power in the cavity is
greater than the gain.  Disadvantages
 Rapid Gain response
 High noise, low gain.
Polarization dependence
 High non linearity

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 Doped Fiber Amplifier (DFA)
7

 Amplifier fiber length – 10 to

Advantages
 Pump wide range of wavelength
30 mts.  Immune to crosstalk and
intermodulation distortion
 Doped by rare earth elements  Low dependence of Gain on light
polarization
Group III or V
 Customizable
 Erbium, Ytterbium, Thulium

 Operating region – 1530 to  Disadvantages

 Special fiber design
1560 nm but extensible
 Precise power loss estimation
 Low pump Power

University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009

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EDFA
Silica Fiber glass doped
with Erbium (Er 3+)

Doped Fiber Amplifier

University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009

 Stimulated Raman Scaterring
9

Stimulated Raman
SRS Mechanism
Scattering (SRS)
 Dr. C. V. Raman – Nobel Transition State
Prize (1930)
 Silica Glass : Si-O-Si bond
 Pump photon – Larger ωpump

wavelength ωs
 Signal photon – lower
wavelength ωs

Ground State

University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009

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 Basics of Raman Amplifier
12
 Stimulated Raman Scattering
(SRS)
 Raman Gain Mechanism
Lumped Raman Amplifier
Distributed Raman Amplifier
Raman Amplification
 Gain depends on frequency
separation
 Gain does not depend on
relative direction of propagation
 Upper state – Subpicoseconds
 Gain Polorization dependent

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 Raman Amplification
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Amplifier properties

 Broadband amplification using

multiple pumps
 Amplified spontaneous  Advantages

emission (ASE)  Flexibility

 Signal Spontaneous beat noise

 Wide frequency range
 Low costs
 Noise figure
 Very high clock frequency (THz)

University of California Los Angeles - Extension 14 February 2009

 Sub – Marine Fiber optics
Communication
15

UNDERSEA CABLE
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
DESIGN

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 Sub- Marine Fiber Optics Communication
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Sub-marine Communication
 What makes it Different ?
Capacity and Flexibility
International Water – Free right of way
Very high reliability
Failures due to external factors
 Ship anchors, Natural catastrophe

 Solution
In Network traffic restoration
 Ring topology , Trunk and branch topology

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Network
Topologies
Long Haul networks

Bidirectional

Line switched rings

Self healing network

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Extension
 World Projects
18

Africa One
 First of its kind – WDM technology
 40000 Km estimated
 8 wavelength channels on 2 fiber pairs each
 Capacity 2.5 Gb/s
SEA-ME-WE-3
 Sub-marine WDM routing
 Add/drop undersea multiplexing over 2 fiber pairs
 Span – Germany to Singapore

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WDM undersea routing

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 World Projects
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Atlantis 2, Columbus 3, Americas II

 Shore based mux/Demux
 Connecting 4 continents
 Undersea branching Units optically passive
 Low Initial Costs
China –US and Atlantic crossing 1
 Ring Networks – Higher reliability
 Capacity China-US 12000 Km, AC1 7100 Km
 Current Capacity 40 Gb/s

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 Optimum use of the present
infrastructure for long haul
communication
25

INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY
NETWORK DESIGN TRADE OFF
MOTIVATION

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Present day
submarine
cable
LAYERS:

1--Polyethylene
2--"Mylar" tape

3--Stranded metal
"Steel" wires
4--Aluminum water
barrier
5--Polycarbonate
6--Copper or aluminum
tube
7--Petroleum jelly
8--Optical fibers

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Extension
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 Motivation
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 Increasing demand for higher data rate

 Very high capital associated with satellite deployment

 Developments in transmitters and filters

 Development in ROV technology

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 Questions

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