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Cellular Networks
It is an infrastructure network that exploits the frequency reuse concept, first developed by Bell Labs in the 70s. Frequency reuse: use the same spectrum to support multiple users separated by a distance.
Frequency Reuse
A number of frequencies (more precisely, chunks of small frequency bands, or channels) are assigned to each cell. Cells are grouped into clusters. Each cluster uses the entire available radio spectrum, but adjacent cells, whether within a cluster or in different clusters, use different frequencies, and thus they dont interfere with each other. Therefore, the number of clusters is the number of times the entire spectrum can be used. This is called frequency reuse. In a CDMA network, adjacent cells may use the same frequency band. It will be discussed later.
Example 1FDMA
Assume we have a spectrum for 36 voice channels to cover a 100 square km area. Scenario 1: A single high power transmitter is used to cover the entire area. Scenario 2: Divide the area into seven cells each covering a 14.3 square km area and having 12 channels. Scenario 1 supports 36 users and Scenario 2, 84 channels, a 2.3 time capacity increase.
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Example 2FDMA
We have a total bandwidth of 25 MHz and each user requires 30 KHz for voice communication. (This is how spectrum was used for 1G cellular systems.) Scenario 1: one high power antenna to cover the entire town. We can support 25MHz/30 KHz = 833 simultaneous users. Scenario 2: 20 low power antennas are used. That is, to divide the area into 20 cells. We divide the entire frequency band into 4 sub-bands and assign one to each cell, which has a spectrum of 25 MHz/4 = 6.25 MHz.
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Capacity calculationFDMA
n: capacity (number of total users) m: number of cells to cover the area N: frequency reuse factor (# cells/cluster) B: bandwidth per user W: total available bandwidth (spectrum)
mW n N B
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m W 20 25000 n 4,166 N B 4 30
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Capacity calculationTDMA
n: capacity (number of total users) m: number of cells to cover the area N: frequency reuse factor (# cells/cluster) B: bandwidth per user W: total available bandwidth (spectrum) Nu: number of time slots per carrier
n mW Nu N B
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Cell sizes
The sizes of cells can be different. Cells designed to cover suburban areas have antennas on tall towers and cover a large area. In urban areas antennas are low and transmitting powers are also low. Therefore the coverage areas are small for two reasons.
Since the population density is high and the number of users per cell is limited, the cell size has to be smaller. Buildings may block radio wave transmission, therefore more cells may needed to cover an area in a city.
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Capacity of CDMA
In CDMA users are separated by different codes but not by frequencies or time slots as in TDMA and FDMA. In CDMA many users can share the same frequency band and communicate at the same time. A channel in TDMA or FDMA is a frequency and a time slot. There is only a limited number of channels, which restrict the number of simultaneous users. In CDMA a channel is a code. There is an almost unlimited number of codes, and thus channels, but it doesnt mean an unlimited capacity. Each user is a source of noise to the receivers of other users (recall the discussion we had on DSSS) or to the receiver in the base station. This will limit the number of users. The number of user per cell (the capacity) is determined by the signal to noise ratio. If there are too many users, the noise will be high, the S/N (signal to noise) ratio will be low and reception quality will be poor. This is different from TDMA/FDMA, where the capacity is determined by the number of available channels.
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W n R Sr
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Cell sectoring
Several antennas are used in one cell. Each antenna, which is directional, only covers a section of the cell. The interference will be reduced and thus a lower frequency reuse factor can be used. Using three- and six-sector cells the frequency reuse factor can be reduced from 7 to 4 or even 3, which means a capacity increase of 1.67 and 2.3, respectively.
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Location Management
Tracking the MS in order to deliver data to it. Locate the MS. Establish a dedicated channel before the data change starts. If the MS moves from one cell to another during the data change, handoff (disconnect the MS from the current BS and connect it to a new BS) may be required.
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Handoff
Handoff: if a MS moves out of the range of one cell and into the range of another, the MTSO assign another channel to the MS. Soft handoff (for CDMA only): An MS moving towards the edge of a cell will maintain communication with two or more BSs for a short while before decide which BS to select as its point of attachment. Soft handoff makes the transition from one cell to the next smooth.
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Forward Reverse Channel Region band band spacing (MHz) (MHz) (kHz) AMPS 824-849 869-894 30 USA
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2G systems
GSM TDMA/FDD IS-54 (US) TDMA/FDD IS-95 (US) CDMA/FDD
Freq (MHz)
869-894 824-849 30
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3G systems
International standard IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications beyond 2000) A spectrum of 230 MHz is assigned globally to IMT-2000 Combine voice and data services Increase the quality of the voice, capacity of the network, and data rate (384 kbps everywhere and 2 Mbps indoor). W-CDMA (GSM) and CDMA2000 (IS-95) are competing proposals.
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