Concept of Green Development and Energy Planning of India

Ramprasad Sengupta Professor of Economics Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India 110067 email: rps0302@gmail.com March 2012. Presentation for the Seminar on 12th March 2012 At the Economics Department , Presidency University, Kolkata

Environmental Sustainability Approach of Development

The attainment of Human Well-being is the central concern of Economic Science Development is Economic Growth along with Universalism: Access of all including the unborn to opportunities of decent life

Focus on interaction between human economy, society and nature

Production Processes of an economy directly or indirectly draw upon resources from nature as a stock flow or fund service resource. Resources are used entropically in production and consumption processes.

 The

relations of Material Balance, the phenomena of Solar Energy flow and Nutrient Cycles-put a bound on the maximum attainable rate of regeneration and supply of resources and the rate of absorption of wastes by the natural environment as required by the economy. Law : Recognition of the problem of scale of an economy and limits to its growth over time, for any given regime of science and technology.

Entropy

L.E.MATTER

H.E.MATTER

ECONOMY
L.E.ENERGY H.E.ENERGY WASTE HEAT

ECOSYSTEM
RESOURCE REGENERATION & WASTE ABSORPTION

GREEN DEVELOPMENT VIS--VIS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) characterized a development process to be sustainable if it ensures such use of resources of all kinds man made capital, natural capital and human capital that the level of human well-being is monotonic non-declining over time. Discussions at Rio 1992 and Johannesburg 2002 was based on the presumption of sustainability so defined. The concept focuses on intergenerational equity and not so much directly on intra-generational or current distributional equity. The concept also presumed substitutability between the ecological capital and the man-made / knowledge capital and therefore relied on the concept of weak sustainability, not that of a strong one.

There has been the following twin experiences in the global

development process in the last 20 years:

There has been the persistence of poverty and deprivation in Afro-

Asian developing countries with the gap between the rich and the
poor of the world growing over time.

There has been substantive erosion of capacity of the ecosystems

which has brought irreversible changes whose adverse effects could not be fully offset by the growth of other types of capital and development of technology.

Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity, 2007

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT (global hectares per capita)
Populati Total Fishing on Ecological Cropland Grazing Forest Ground Carbon Built-up (million) Footprint Footprint Footprint Footprint Footprint Footprint land World China India Japan North America Canada USA Europe(EU) 6.476 1323.3 1103.4 126.1 330.5 32.3 298.2 487.3 2.7 2.1 0.9 4.9 9.2 7.1 9.4 4.7 0.64 0.56 0.4 0.58 1.42 1.83 1.38 1.17 0.26 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.32 0.5 0.3 0.19 0.23 0.12 0.1 0.24 1.02 1 1.02 0.48 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.28 0.11 0.21 0.1 0.11 1.41 1.13 0.33 3.58 6.21 3.44 6.51 2.58 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.1 0.09 0.1 0.17

Source: Global Footprint Network 2008, www.footprintnetwork.org

Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity, 2007 (contd.)

BIOCAPACITY (global hectares per capita) Populatio Total n Biocapacit Grazing (million) y Cropland land World China India Japan North America Canada USA Europe(E U) 6.476 1323.3 1103.4 126.1 330.5 32.3 298.2 487.3 2.1 0.9 0.4 0.6 6.5 20 5 2.3 0.64 0.39 0.31 0.16 2.55 4.89 2.3 1 0.37 0.15 0.01 0 0.43 1.8 0.29 0.21 Ecological Fishing (Deficit) of Ground Built Land Reserve 0.17 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.88 3.96 0.55 0.29 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.09 0.1 0.17 -0.6 -1.2 -0.5 -4.3 -2.7 13 -4.4 -2.4

Forest 0.81 0.16 0.02 0.27 2.51 9.3 1.78 0.64

Source: Global Footprint Network 2008, www.footprintnetwork.org

This has adversely affected the flow of eco-services of nature, loss of

bio diversity increasing the environmental risk or the chance of the

collapse of an eco-system.

Such erosion of eco-capacity and thereby loss of primary productivity of common property resources affected the livelihood and economic conditions of the poor and the marginalized section of population the most.

As a result the there has been a switch from the concept of sustainable development to that of green development by the UN for the future deliberation and choice of development strategy for solving the major global developmental issues. This has involved the following two concerns: 1) The removal of poverty and destitution and focus on intragenerational equity issue in development including issues relating to resource use and its benefit sharing. 2) The conservation of ecological capacity of the earth or of the ecosystems to ensure the sustained supply of eco-services.

3) This implied a shift of emphasis from Substitutability to complementarity and therefore towards strong sustainability and thrust on the reduction of environmental risks. Implications in respect of bio-diversity conservation .

Objectives of Energy Planning

Energy Security: 1. Energy Security for supporting the high macroeconomic growth and development process for the fast removal of poverty - by Ensuring Energy Demand - Supply Balance.
2.

Energy Security for the Households : Removal of Energy Poverty for cooking and lighting

Environmental Security 3. Conserving eco-capacity or bio-productivity for the removal of environmental security by way of i. raising the efficiency of energy resource use both on demand side of final energy and supply side of energy

ii. Substitution of carbon intensive fossil fuel by a. low carbon fuel (natural gas, coal gas methane, etc. ) b. carbon neutral fuel (bio-fuels bioethanol, biobiesel, bio-gas, other bio-masses) c.carbon free fuel (abiotic fuels hydro, solar, wind, etc.) d. Neuclear fuel. Green or low Carbon Energy Sectors Growth is to be combined with equity in macroeconomic growth of income and energy distribution
How far Indian Economic Growth has been Low Carbon? What is the prospect of Low Carbon Growth of India? What are the supporting policies?

Energy Indicators (2007)

50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

India

China

USA

High Income Countries

World

Per Capita National Income (PPP$) in 2007 TPCES per capita (kgoe) in 2007 Electricity consumption per capita (in thousand KWhr) in 2007

Comparative Primary Energy Use across some Major Countries and Regions
Per Share of Electricity Energy Capita Biomass in consumption Energy Intensity of total Countri National per capita (in per capita GDP Income Primary es thousand Kwh) kgoe 2007 (Kg/PPP$) (PPP$) Energy in 2007 2007 2008 2007 (%) India 2930 529 0.204 27.2 714

China
USA High Income Countri es

6010
48430

1484
7766

0.294
0.182

9.9
3.5

2488
14314

37665

5321

0.154

3.7

10283
15

Comparative Carbon Dioxide Emissions across some Major Countries and Regions
Carbon Dioxide CO2 int. Of Population Emissions GDP Countries (million) Kg/2005 PPP$ (million metric 2008 tonnes) 2006 2006 India China USA High Income Countries World 1140 1325 304 1069 6697 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 1509.3 6099.1 5748.1 13377.9 30154.7 Per capita Carbon Dioxide Emissios (Metric Tonne) 2006

1.4 4.7 19.3 12.7 4.4

16

Source: World Bank (2009): World Development Indicators 2010

Fuel Shares 2008 (%): Fuels Coal Oil Primary Comm. Energy 57 32 Electricity Generation 68.6 4.1 Final Energy 23 50

N.Gas
Nuclear Hydro Non Conv. Electricity

7.8
0.8 2.2 0.3 ---

9.9
1.8 13.8 1.8 ----

6
---21

Sectoral Shares in Final Energy: 2008 Final Energy Mtoe Industry 120.4
Transport Commercial & Public Services Agriculture 45.32 29.64

% Shares 29.15 10.97 3.97

16.45

3.98

Residential Non-energy Use Total

164.7 36.59 413.16

39.87 8.86 100.00

Energy poverty:
Concept 1 : Unclean Fuel

Poverty Ratio (HH) cooking

Poverty Ratio (HH) lighting

Rural Urban

INDIA 66th round 61st round 66th round 61st round 82.02 84.08 34.41 45.06 18.94 23.42 6.21 7.66

Concept 2 : Inadequate Fuel

Rural
Urban

Poverty Ratio (HH) lighting INDIA 66th round 61st round 66th round 61st round 22.89 25.35 35.06 46.81 20.64 25.48 6.89 9.52

Poverty Ratio (HH) cooking

Lorenz Curve of Consumption Expenditure and Concentration Curve of Fuel Consumption for cooking (real unit) of Rural Sector of India
1 0 .2 .4 .6 .8

.2
line_45

.4

.6

.8

Lorenz_Curve CC_lpg_cooking

CC_kerosene_cooking CC_biomass_cooking

Source: NSSO Consumption Expenditure Survey 66th Round

Lorenz Curve of Consumption Expenditure and Concentration Curve of Fuel Consumption for lighting (real unit) of Rural Sector of India
1 0 .2 .4 .6 .8

.2
line_45

.4

.6

.8
Lorenz_Curve

CC_electricity

CC_kerosene_lighting

Source: NSSO Consumption Expenditure Survey 66th Round

Share of net imports and domestic production in the total quantity of crude oil supplied to India economy, 1970-2007
100%

90%
80% percentage share 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Years

Net Imports

Domestic production
22

Source: Authors calculation based on data from GOI, 2010 and GOI, 2006

Crude Oil Spot Prices in US Dollars/bbl (Average Unit Value, FOB)

120

100

in US Dollars/bbl

80 Brent 60 Dubai

40

20

TREND AND PATTERN OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA

24

Review of Indias performance

30000 25000

Sectoral GDP (1971 to 2005)

Transport

In Billion Rupees

20000 15000 10000 Agriculture 5000 Industry 0 Other SVS

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Fuelwise Total Primary Energy Consumed in India, 1994 to 2008

700000 600000

in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent

500000

400000

300000

200000

100000

0 1994

1995

1996

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Combustible Renewable & waste

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Non Fossil Fuels (nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar etc)

Gas
Crude oil and Petroleum products Coal 26

Fuel wise Total Primary Commercial Energy in India, 1971 to 2008

500000 450000 in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent 400000 350000 300000 250000

200000
150000 100000

50000
0 ` 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Non Fossil fuels (including nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar etc) Gas Crude oil and petroleum products Coal 27

Sector wise Total Final Commercial Energy consumed in the form of Petroleum Products (in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
100000
90000 80000 70000 60000

in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent

50000
40000 30000 20000 10000

0
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Industry

Transport

Residential

Agriculture

Services

28

Supplies of Total Primary and Final Commercial Energy and CO2 Emissions.
400 350 300 CO2MT 250
mtoe

1600 TPCES 1400 1200

CO emissions (mt)

1000 800 FNLEN 600 400 200 0

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

200 150 100 50 0

TPCES

FNLEN

CO2MT
29

Source: Based on IEA Data on Energy balances of Non-OECD countries, different volumes.

Primary Commercial Energy and CO2 intensity over time

0.120

0.100

0.080

0.060

0.040

0.020

0.000

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

T PESCMINT

CO2KGINT

2005
30

Carbon and Energy Efficiency Review and Prospects

Annual Average Growth Rate in the Pre-reform and Post-reform Periods (%)

Period

Primary Energy CO2 intensity CO2 Commercial Intensity of CO2 emission of overall intensity of Energy GDP energy overall GDP 5.55 4.56 1.1 -1.72 5.96 4.36 Energy Intensity of GDP 0.63 -3.52 0.389 -0.191 CO2 emission 5.88 3.87 1.5 -1.91 CO2 intensity of energy 0.394 -0.214 CO2 intensity of GDP 1.42 -2.37

19711990 19902005 Period 19711990 19902005

Primary GDP Commercial Growth rate Energy 4.4 6.39 5.47 4.09

Decomposition Analysis of growth of CO2 emission intensity of GDP by the Refined Divisia Method for the period 1971 to 1990
1.5 1 0.5 0

1.42 0.683 0.313 0.269 0.149 Residual Total Change

Energy Int effect

Structural Effect

Fuel mix effect

Period 1990 to 2005 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 0.145 Energy Int effect Structural Effect Fuel mix effect -0.06 Residual -0.188 Total Change

-2.27

-2.37

Projection of Future Energy Requirement for India as per Intergrated Energy Policy Committee Report (2006)

Use of a Linear Programming Model of Cost Optimisation of the energy system for meeting the requirement of 8 9 % growth of GDP. A Partial Equilibrium Model of bottom up type. Choices of fuel and technology in power and using elasticity approach of aggregate and sectoral energy requirement. No costs of externalities are considered. Coal based development of the energy sector was found to be the least cost option.

Concern for weakening the link between the growth of GDP and the energy use and that between the energy use and the pollution arising induced the consideration of the following options
1. Forcing full development of hydro, 2. Maximisation of use of nuclear potential 3. the use of gas to generate 16% of electrical energy (where natural gas is supplemented by coal bed methane and in situ coal gasification), 4. demand side management to reduce electricity demand by 15% , 5. the attainment of higher conversion efficiency of thermal power generation to 38-40% from the pre-existing level of 36% for 500 MWE plants, 6. rise of railways share in freight traffic from 32% to 50%, and increase of fuel efficiency of motor vehicles by 50%, and 7. forced utilisation of the renewable potentials to the extent of 3000MWwind power, 10,000 MW of solar power, 50,000 MW of biomass power, 10 Mt of bio-diesel, and 5 mt of ethanol by 2031-32.

Energy Resources for Planning

Table 5: Fossil Fuel Reserves of India as on 2005 (Unit: Million tonnes of Oil equivalent) Resources Proved Production (2004-05) Net Imports (2004-05) Proved Reserve to Production

Extracted Coal Extractable Lignite

13489 1220

157 9 34 29

16

86 136

Oil Natural Gas Coal Bed Methane

786* 1101* 765

87 3(LNG)

23 38

* indicates Balance of recoverable Reserves Source: Planning Commission, 2006a.

37

Table 6: Renewable Energy Resources of India (Unit: mtoe per year)

Resources
1 Hydro Power Capacity (in MW) 2 Biomass (a) Fuelwood (b) Biogas*

Present 32, 000 140 0.1 <1

Potential 1,50,000 620 15 20 10

3 Bio-Fuels @
(a) Biodiesel (b) Ethanol 4 Solar @ (a) Photovoltaic 1200 1200 <1 <1 10 5

(b) Thermal
5 Wind Energy 6 Small Hydro-power

Based on the assumption of Community Plants. @ Based on assumptions regarding land availability (for details see the source) Source: Planning Commission, 2006a.

38

Table 7: Potential Availability of Nuclear Energy of India

Resource Base

Metal resource (tonnes) 61,000 2,25,000 -

Electricity Energy (GWe-Yr)

Electricity Capacity (MWe)

1 Uranium Metal (a) In PWHR

(b) in Breeder 2 Thorium Metal In Breeder

330 42,200

10,000 5,00,000

Present Installed Capacity Mwe 3400

1,50,000

Very large

Source: Planning Commission, 2006a.

39

Table 27: Projected Primary Commercial Energy Requirement for Maximum Hydro-Nuclear-Gas Potential Use and for GDP Growth Rate of 9% in India by the Expert Committee for Integrated Energy Policy.
Total Primary Commercial Energy (mtoe)
379.19 546 1011 1858 6.4 % share of Coal 54.9 51.8 51.5 50.4 6.3 Oil 34.0 34.1 30.8 29.5 5.6 Natural Gas 7.6 8.8 11.0 12.9 8.0 Hydro 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.9 5.9 Nuclear & NonConventional 1.2 3.1 4.4 5.3 11.2

Year 2005 2011-12 2021-22 2031-32 Compound Annual Growth Rate (%) of Total Use of Fuels GDP elasticity of fuel use Rate of Growth of Energy Intensity of GDP(%) Per Capita Consumption of Commercial Energy in 2032 (kgoe)

0.71

0.7

0.62

0.88

0.65

1.24

-2.6

-2.7

-3.4

-1.0

-3.1

2.2

1266

638

373

163

24

67

Share of Non-Comm En. in Total (%): 2005 27.8, 2011-12: 23.6, 2021-22: 15.2, 2031-32: 9.1 Rate of Growth: 0.76 Source: Planning Commission 2006.

Energy Resource Mix for 8% GDP Growth in 2031-32.

Percentage Share in Energy Resource M ix (2031-32)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

54.1 45.5 25.7 5.5 9.8 0.7 4 0.1 26.4 10.7 1.9 5.3 0.1 10.1 41.1 22.8 9.8 2.2 12 6.4 5.6

Coal Dominant Case

Max. Use of Potential of Hydro, Nuclear & Gas

Simultaneous Use of all Optima for Sustainable Energy Development

Coal

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Hydro

Nuclear

Renewables

Non-Commercial

Future Projections for Best Environmental Scenario: It is important to notice that the dependence of India on coal in 2031-32 will remain 51% in electricity generation and have a share of over 41% in the total primary energy mix even as per the best environmental scenario among the options.

The gas resource is to be used only for peaking power even when it is forced as an option.
The capacity utilisation of hydro power is found to be low because of the low availability of water resources. However, the total energy need as per the best option economises the requirement of the total primary energy resources by 21%, demand for primary commercial energy by 19% and that of coal and oil by 38% and 28% respectively in 2031-32 vis-a-vis the coal dominant option. However, even at the best scenario the non conventional renewables cannot provide more than 5.6% of total energy requirements. Any failure of other options to provide the designated supply, the economy of India has to fall back upon coal to meet any deficiency.

The CO2 emission is correspondingly expected to go down by 35% vis-a vis the coal dominant option in the terminal year 2031-32. The CO2 emission is projected to grow from the current level of 1 billion tonne per year to 5.5 billion tonne as per the high coal development scenario and 3.9 billion tonne as per the most environmentally conserving scenario. Even with all these energy sector developments, Indias per capita carbon emission would be in the range of 2.6 to 3.6 tonnes of CO2 while the same for the US and the World on the average has been 20 tonnes and 4.5 tonnes respectively in 2004.

Alternative Econometric Models of Projection for the future : (by Author)

1.

Macro economic approach : Demand based on income, energy prices (Models with nos: 1A, 2A, 3A)

2.

Sectoral approach: Alternative Demand Behaviour: (a) Sectoral Income, Real Energy Price and Technology Energy Intensity. (Models with Nos: 1B, 2B, 3B) (b) Sectoral Income, Share of Electricity in Final Energy, and Energy Intensity (Models 1C and 3C)
Alternative Growth Rates: 8% (Models 1A 1C, 2A 2B ), 6% (Models: 3A, 3B, 3C) Real Energy Prices (a) no change in prices since 2005 (Models:1A 1B, 3A 3B) (b) Real Energy prices increasing at 3% compound rate per annum. (Models: 2A-2B)

3.

4.

PRIMARY FUEL REQUIREMENT FOR ENERGY USE (Sc1B)

2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0

Others

GAS OIL

COAL

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2029

2031

Projection of CO2 Emissions (Sc1B)

6000

GAS
5000

4000

OIL

3000

2000

COAL

1000

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2029

2031

Projection of CO2 Emissions (mt.)

CO2 emission (mt.)

2005 2011 2021 2031 Future Growth Rate of CO2 GDP Elasticity

8% Gr No Price Change Sc1B 1083 1523 2910 5553

8% Gr Technology Sc1C 1083 1552 2726 4920

8% Gr With Price Change Sc 2B 1083 1452 2532 4597

6% Gr No Price Change Sc3B 1083 1479 2442 4016

6.62 0.831

5.84 0.733

5.76 0.72

5.18 0.85
47

Projection of CO2 intensity of GDP (gms/Rupee) and Per capita CO2 (tonnes)
8 % growth with no price change 2005 2021 2031 % drop 2021 % drop 2031 Per capita CO2 (tonnes) 2031 29 38 41 30-32 25.4 - 29 22 27 8% growth with 3 per cent price rise 41 23-28 16 25.4 32 44 41 61 6% GDP growth rate and no price range 41 16 24 27 31 17 24 24 34

3.4 3.6

2.1 3.2

2.4 2.8

IEPR India per capita CO2 (2031-32): 2.6 3.6, China per capita CO2 = 4.7 (2006) US per capita CO2 = 19.3 (2006)

Prospect of Carbon Neutral and Carbon free Energy Development

Critical High Speed Diesel Price (HSD), US $ per barrel 2004-05

Andhra Pradesh Sugarcane Wheat Bajra Paddy Rapeseed & Mustard Cotton Ragi Groundnut Urad Jowar Sesamum Barley Masur Gram Tur Maize Moong Soyabean Sunflower Safflower VFC Tobacco 62 55 57 51 81 Haryana 102 60 49 65 59 65 51 47 48 49 50 51 57 53 48 54 Maharashtra 97 49 52 Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal 83 83 54 50 53 57 56 46 51 52 51 56 52 53 59 61 50 87 51 53 Karnataka 106

64

55

61 58 52 54 52 56

52 57 48 52 53 53

47

53 54

51

Notes: The exchange rate for 2004-05 is assumed to be Rs 42.25 per US Dollar. Source: Authors estimates based on GOI, 2008

50

Role of different energy sources in India's Power Generation Capacity as on March 31, 2010 Hydro, (in MW)
36863

Thermal, 102454

Renewables 15521 Nuclear, 4560

Hydro

Renewables

Capital Cost and the Typical Cost of Generation of power from Renewable Sources

Source

Capital Cost (Rs.Cr. Per MW)

Estimated Cost of Generation per Unit (Rs. Kwh) 1.50 to 2.50 2.00 to 3.00 2.50 to 3.50 2.50 to 3.00

Small hydro power Wind power Biomass power Bagasse cogeneration

5.00 to 6.00 4.00 to 5.00 4.00 3.5

Biomass gasifier Solar photovoltaic Energy from waste

1.94 26.5 2.50 to 10.0

2.50 to 3.50 15.0 to 20.0 2.50 to 7.50

Source: Eleventh Plan Document (Planning Commission)

Approximate Capital Cost for Different Renewable Energy Technologies

Capital Costs (2006 $/kW)
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 5500 4500
3000

2700 1500

3200 2200 2000

Technologies

Kindly note that the wind project costs are in the range of about Rs.56Crs/MW, but the Solar PV grid connected project costs are coming down every year (with more R&D, innovation, new technology, technology maturity and market creation. The Solar PV costs could be in the range of about Rs.18-20 Cr/MW (lower without backup battery storage). The average electricity generation cost for solar PV is still about three times that of wind, which has reached grid parity. CERC tariff vs. state tariffs INR/Kwh
Energy Resources Biomass Cogenertion Solar PV Solar Thermal Small Hydro Wind CERC Tariff 4.6 3.4 4.5 3.7 17.9 15.3 4.3 3.1 5.1 3.4 15.0 13.0 13.8 8.5 3.2 2.4 4.3 2.9 State Tariffs 4.9 3.0

However, kindly note that solar projects sanctioned under Jawaharlal Nehru

National Solar Mission through competitive bid, the lowest tariff awarded was Rs.10.95/unit and the highest was Rs.12.76/unit
55

Estimated Medium Term (2023) Potential and Cumulative Achievement as on 31.3.2007

Source Units Estimated Potential

Cumulative Achievements

Power from Renewables A. Grid Interactive Renewable Power Bio power from agro residues etc. MW Wind Power Small hydro (<25 MW) Cogeneration (Bagasse) Waste to Energy MW MW MW MW

16881 45195 15000 5000 7000

524.8 7092 1975.6 615.83 43.45

B. CHP/distributed renewable power

Solar Biomass/Cogeneration Biomass Gasifier Energy Recovery from Waste MW 50000 2.92 45.8 86.53 19.76

Source: Eleventh Plan Document (Planning Commission)

Nuclear Power

Success of Fast breeder reactor cycle depends on the co-operation of the Nuclears suppliers group of supplying fuel and LWR and of the national level political economic problems. Thorium cycle again is contingent upon the success of LWR cycle. Origin of the problem is poor availability of Indias uranium. Enough thorium is available in India which can be used as a blanket cover in the reactor in Uranium cycle to generate fissile material to be used in the next cycle of Thorium Uranium. Resolution of political problems and problem of safety essential.

Policy Implications

Impact of energy conservation or use of alternative energy resource sectoral and macro level ICOR and Implication in respect of growth rate. Any problem of financing Low Carbon Growth in the context of low carbon development strategy for India Any reduction in the Growth Rate for CO2 mitigation? What should be done about Energy Pricing? Can the higher energy costs be passed on to consumers? About 70-75% of CO2 arises from power and transport sector. Hence policies of carbon intensity reduction need to focus on these sectors. Supply side Issues: The problems with hydro development : water rights issue, rehabilitation and resettlement of people. Forest and Biodiversity loss.

Gas of limited availability. Problem of importing gas from Middle East because of geopolotics.
Fast development and deployment of Carbon free technologies - renewables and development of the required entrepreneurship are high priorities.

58

Special comments on energy poverty and requirement of carbon space for the household. Household to depend on biomass : Difficulty in eliminating energy poverty cooking if poverty removal means minimum need by clean fuel supply .

Electrification of all homes possible. Non conventional technology development like decentralised energy development using renewables for sustainable energy supply for households. Some additional carbon space provision is imperative for removing lighting and cooking energy poverty and for greater mobility of people for access to opportunities.

Cost ordering of Mitigation option to reduce environmental stress : 1. Energy Conservation, Demand side efficiency improvement options. 2. Supply side efficiency improvement of coal thermal plants 3. T& D Loss reduction 4. Non conventional Renewable technologies 5. Coal gasification or liquification. Financing carbon intensity reduction should not be a problem if 8% growth is attainable.

THANK YOU